dts-2026Presentation/technical_standards_specifications.md

# Technical Standards and Specifications for Crash Testing
## SAE, ISO, and Other Engineering Standards
### Data Acquisition, Instrumentation, Injury Criteria, and Test Methods

---

# OVERVIEW

This document covers the technical standards that govern HOW crash testing is performed - the instrumentation, data acquisition, filtering, injury calculations, and dummy specifications that underlie FMVSS and IIHS testing.

**Key Standards Organizations:**
- **SAE International** - Society of Automotive Engineers (US-based, global influence)
- **ISO** - International Organization for Standardization (global)
- **UN/ECE** - United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
- **NHTSA** - Defines injury criteria referenced by FMVSS

---

# SAE J211: INSTRUMENTATION FOR IMPACT TEST

## SAE J211-1: Instrumentation for Impact Test - Electronic Instrumentation

**First Published:** 1971
**Current Version:** SAE J211-1 (Rev. 2014)
**Scope:** Defines requirements for electronic instrumentation used in vehicle crash testing

### Purpose
SAE J211-1 ensures that crash test data is:
- **Accurate** - Measurements reflect actual physical events
- **Repeatable** - Same test produces same data across labs
- **Comparable** - Data from different facilities can be compared
- **Filtered appropriately** - High-frequency noise removed without distorting signal

### Channel Frequency Classes (CFC)

The most important concept in J211 is **Channel Frequency Class** - the bandwidth of the measurement system.

| CFC | -3dB Frequency | Primary Use | Why This Bandwidth |
|-----|----------------|-------------|-------------------|
| **CFC 1000** | 1000 Hz (1650 Hz) | Head acceleration | Head impacts are high-frequency events |
| **CFC 600** | 600 Hz (1000 Hz) | Chest, pelvis acceleration | Torso response is lower frequency |
| **CFC 180** | 180 Hz (300 Hz) | Structural measurements | Vehicle deformation |
| **CFC 60** | 60 Hz (100 Hz) | Sled displacement | Gross motion |

**Note:** The -3dB point is where signal is attenuated by 3dB (70.7%). The values in parentheses are the frequency at which attenuation reaches -40dB.

### Filter Characteristics

SAE J211 specifies a **4th-order Butterworth low-pass filter** with specific characteristics:

| Parameter | Specification |
|-----------|---------------|
| Filter type | Butterworth (maximally flat) |
| Filter order | 4th order (24 dB/octave rolloff) |
| Phase | Zero phase shift (bi-directional filtering) |
| Passband | Flat to -0.5 dB at CFC frequency |
| Stopband | -24 dB at 1.67 × CFC frequency |

### Sampling Requirements

| CFC | Minimum Sample Rate | Recommended Rate |
|-----|---------------------|------------------|
| CFC 1000 | 8,000 Hz | 10,000+ Hz |
| CFC 600 | 4,800 Hz | 6,000+ Hz |
| CFC 180 | 1,440 Hz | 2,000+ Hz |
| CFC 60 | 480 Hz | 1,000+ Hz |

**Rule of thumb:** Sample at 8-10× the CFC frequency for adequate resolution.

### Transducer Requirements

| Parameter | Specification |
|-----------|---------------|
| Amplitude linearity | ±1% of full scale |
| Cross-axis sensitivity | <5% of primary axis |
| Zero shift (post-impact) | <2% of full scale |
| Frequency response | Flat to at least CFC frequency |

### Data Channel Designation

J211 defines a naming convention for data channels:

```
[Location][Direction][Type][Filter]

Example: 11HEAD0000ACXC (Head X-acceleration, CFC 1000)
```

| Code | Meaning |
|------|---------|
| 11 | Driver position |
| 12 | Front passenger |
| 13 | Rear passenger |
| HEAD | Head |
| CHST | Chest |
| PELV | Pelvis |
| FEMR | Femur |
| AC | Acceleration |
| FO | Force |
| MO | Moment |
| X, Y, Z | Direction |

---

## SAE J211-2: Instrumentation for Impact Test - Photographic Instrumentation

**Current Version:** SAE J211-2 (Rev. 2001)
**Scope:** Requirements for high-speed photography and video in crash testing

### Frame Rate Requirements

| Application | Minimum Rate | Typical Rate |
|-------------|--------------|--------------|
| Occupant kinematics | 500 fps | 1,000 fps |
| Structural deformation | 1,000 fps | 2,000-4,000 fps |
| Airbag deployment | 2,000 fps | 5,000-10,000 fps |
| Detail analysis | 5,000+ fps | 10,000-40,000 fps |

### Camera Positioning
- Minimum 3 views: front, side (left or right), overhead
- Additional views as needed for specific analysis
- Reference markers (targets) for photogrammetric analysis
- Lighting requirements for adequate exposure at high speed

### Timing Synchronization
- All cameras synchronized to common time base
- Synchronization with electronic data acquisition
- Timing marks visible in frame or recorded electronically
- Time zero defined as first contact

---

# ISO 6487: ROAD VEHICLES - MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES IN IMPACT TESTS

**Equivalent to:** SAE J211-1
**Current Version:** ISO 6487:2015
**Scope:** International standard for crash test instrumentation

### Relationship to SAE J211

ISO 6487 and SAE J211-1 are technically equivalent and mutually referenced. Key correspondences:

| SAE J211 CFC | ISO 6487 CFC | Application |
|--------------|--------------|-------------|
| CFC 1000 | CFC 1000 | Head |
| CFC 600 | CFC 600 | Chest, pelvis |
| CFC 180 | CFC 180 | Structure |
| CFC 60 | CFC 60 | Gross motion |

### Filter Specification (ISO 6487)

ISO 6487 defines the same 4th-order Butterworth filter with identical characteristics:

$$H(f) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + (f/f_c)^{2n}}}$$

Where:
- H(f) = filter transfer function
- f = frequency
- f_c = cutoff frequency (CFC)
- n = filter order (4 for 4th order)

### Calibration Requirements

| Parameter | Accuracy |
|-----------|----------|
| Acceleration | ±1.5% of full scale |
| Force | ±1% of full scale |
| Displacement | ±1% of full scale |
| Time | ±0.01 ms |

---

# ISO 13232: MOTORCYCLES - TEST AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES FOR RESEARCH EVALUATION OF RIDER PROTECTIVE DEVICES

**Current Version:** ISO 13232:2005 (Parts 1-8)
**Scope:** Motorcycle crash testing with rider dummies

### Key Differences from Automotive

| Parameter | Automotive | Motorcycle (ISO 13232) |
|-----------|------------|------------------------|
| Dummy | Hybrid III, THOR | Motorcyclist ATD |
| Positions | Seated upright | Various riding positions |
| Impact modes | Frontal, side, rear | Multiple approach angles |
| Ejection | Prevented (restraints) | Expected and measured |

---

# INJURY CRITERIA DEFINITIONS

## Head Injury Criterion (HIC)

**Defined in:** FMVSS 208, SAE J885, NHTSA regulations
**First Used:** 1972 (FMVSS 208)

### Formula

$$HIC = \left[ \frac{1}{t_2 - t_1} \int_{t_1}^{t_2} a(t) \, dt \right]^{2.5} (t_2 - t_1)$$

Where:
- a(t) = resultant head acceleration (g)
- t₁, t₂ = time interval (seconds)
- (t₂ - t₁) = time interval maximized to find worst case

### HIC Versions

| Version | Time Window | Limit | Application |
|---------|-------------|-------|-------------|
| HIC₃₆ | 36 ms max | 1000 | FMVSS 208 (airbag) |
| HIC₁₅ | 15 ms max | 700 | FMVSS 208 (current) |
| HIC unlimited | No limit | 1000 | Historical |

### Interpretation

| HIC Value | Injury Risk |
|-----------|-------------|
| < 500 | Low risk |
| 500-700 | Moderate risk |
| 700-1000 | Significant risk |
| > 1000 | High risk of serious injury |

**Basis:** Wayne State Tolerance Curve (WSTC) derived from cadaver and volunteer testing.

---

## Chest Injury Criteria

### Chest Acceleration (3ms Clip)

**Defined in:** FMVSS 208
**Formula:** Maximum resultant chest acceleration sustained for 3 ms
**Limit:** ≤ 60g

### Chest Deflection

**Defined in:** FMVSS 208
**Measurement:** Compression of sternum relative to spine
**Limits:**

| Dummy | Deflection Limit |
|-------|-----------------|
| Hybrid III 50th Male | 63 mm |
| Hybrid III 5th Female | 52 mm |
| THOR 50th Male | 63 mm |

### Viscous Criterion (V*C)

**Defined in:** European regulations, soft tissue injury
**Formula:**

$$V \cdot C = V(t) \times C(t)$$

Where:
- V(t) = velocity of chest compression
- C(t) = compression as fraction of chest depth
- Limit: ≤ 1.0 m/s

**Purpose:** Captures rate-dependent soft tissue injury (heart, liver, spleen)

### Combined Thoracic Index (CTI)

**Defined in:** FMVSS 208 (advanced airbag rule)
**Formula:**

$$CTI = \frac{A_{max}}{A_{int}} + \frac{D_{max}}{D_{int}}$$

Where:
- A_max = maximum chest acceleration
- D_max = maximum chest deflection
- A_int, D_int = intercept values (dummy-specific)

**Limit:** CTI ≤ 1.0

---

## Neck Injury Criteria (Nij)

**Defined in:** FMVSS 208
**Purpose:** Combined neck axial load and bending moment

### Formula

$$N_{ij} = \frac{F_z}{F_{zc}} + \frac{M_{oy}}{M_{yc}}$$

Where:
- F_z = axial neck force (tension or compression)
- M_oy = neck bending moment (flexion or extension)
- F_zc, M_yc = critical intercept values

### Critical Values (Hybrid III 50th Male)

| Direction | Force (N) | Moment (Nm) |
|-----------|-----------|-------------|
| Tension-Extension | 6,806 | 135 |
| Tension-Flexion | 6,806 | 310 |
| Compression-Extension | 6,160 | 135 |
| Compression-Flexion | 6,160 | 310 |

**Limit:** Nij ≤ 1.0 for any combination

---

## Femur Load Criterion

**Defined in:** FMVSS 208
**Measurement:** Axial compressive force in femur
**Limit:** ≤ 10,000 N (10 kN)
**Duration:** Peak force in any 10 ms window

### Femur Force Measurement

| Dummy | Measurement Location |
|-------|---------------------|
| Hybrid III | Femur load cell |
| THOR | Upper, middle, lower femur |

---

## Tibia Injury Criteria

### Tibia Index (TI)

**Defined in:** European regulations
**Formula:**

$$TI = \frac{M_R}{M_C} + \frac{F_Z}{F_C}$$

Where:
- M_R = resultant bending moment
- F_Z = axial force
- M_C, F_C = critical values

**Limit:** TI ≤ 1.0

### Tibia Compressive Force

**Limit:** ≤ 8,000 N (8 kN)

---

## Pelvis Acceleration

**Defined in:** FMVSS 214
**Measurement:** Resultant pelvis acceleration
**Limit:** Varies by test mode and dummy

---

## Severity Index (SI) - Helmets

**Defined in:** NOCSAE, FMVSS 218
**Formula:**

$$SI = \int a^{2.5} \, dt$$

Where:
- a = head acceleration (g)
- t = time (seconds)

**Limits:**

| Standard | SI Limit |
|----------|----------|
| NOCSAE Football | < 1200 |
| FMVSS 218 Motorcycle | N/A (uses peak g) |

**Relationship to HIC:** SI is the time-weighted integral; HIC normalizes by time interval.

---

# DUMMY (ATD) SPECIFICATIONS

## SAE J963: Anthropomorphic Test Dummy Family

**Scope:** Defines the Hybrid III dummy family specifications

### Hybrid III Family

| Model | Height | Weight | Primary Use |
|-------|--------|--------|-------------|
| 95th Male | 188 cm (6'2") | 101 kg (223 lb) | Large adult male |
| 50th Male | 175 cm (5'9") | 78 kg (172 lb) | Average adult male |
| 5th Female | 152 cm (5'0") | 49 kg (108 lb) | Small adult female |
| 10-year-old | 138 cm (4'6") | 36 kg (79 lb) | Child |
| 6-year-old | 117 cm (3'10") | 23 kg (51 lb) | Child |
| 3-year-old | 99 cm (3'3") | 15 kg (33 lb) | Child |

### Hybrid III 50th Male Instrumentation

| Location | Measurements | Channels |
|----------|--------------|----------|
| Head | Triaxial acceleration | 3 |
| Head | Angular acceleration (optional) | 3 |
| Upper neck | 6-axis load cell | 6 |
| Lower neck | 6-axis load cell | 6 |
| Chest | Triaxial acceleration | 3 |
| Chest | Deflection (potentiometer) | 1 |
| Lumbar spine | 6-axis load cell | 6 |
| Pelvis | Triaxial acceleration | 3 |
| Femur (L) | Axial force | 1 |
| Femur (R) | Axial force | 1 |
| Knee (L) | Displacement | 1 |
| Knee (R) | Displacement | 1 |
| Tibia (L) | 6-axis load cell | 6 |
| Tibia (R) | 6-axis load cell | 6 |
| **TOTAL** | | **~47 channels** |

---

## ISO 13232-3: Motorcyclist Anthropomorphic Test Device

**Scope:** Dummy for motorcycle crash testing

### Differences from Hybrid III

| Feature | Hybrid III | Motorcyclist ATD |
|---------|------------|------------------|
| Neck | Limited ROM | Full range of motion |
| Shoulder | Automotive seated | Riding position |
| Hip | Seated | Straddling |
| Limbs | Fixed joints | Articulated |

---

## THOR (Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint)

### THOR-50M Specifications

| Parameter | Specification |
|-----------|---------------|
| Height | 175 cm (5'9") |
| Weight | 78 kg (172 lb) |
| Channels | 150+ |

### THOR Improvements Over Hybrid III

| Feature | Hybrid III | THOR |
|---------|------------|------|
| Chest | Single deflection point | Multi-point (4 locations) |
| Abdomen | Not instrumented | Instrumented |
| Face | Basic | Deformable, instrumented |
| Shoulder | Simple | Complex clavicle |
| Pelvis | Basic | Instrumented iliac wings |
| Spine | Rigid | Flexible |

### THOR-5F (Female)

**Released:** 2023
**Significance:** First true female dummy (not scaled male)

| Feature | Hybrid III 5th Female | THOR-5F |
|---------|----------------------|---------|
| Design basis | Scaled 50th male | Female anatomy |
| Hip structure | Male-derived | Female pelvis |
| Breast | Not represented | Represented |
| Organ placement | Male-based | Female-based |
| Height | 152 cm | 161 cm |
| Weight | 49 kg | 49 kg |

---

## BioRID II (Rear Impact Dummy)

**Purpose:** Whiplash assessment in rear impacts

| Feature | Specification |
|---------|---------------|
| Spine | Highly articulated (24 vertebrae) |
| Head/neck response | Biofidelic in rear impact |
| Certification | Dynamic corridor matching |
| Primary use | IIHS head restraint test |

---

## WorldSID (World Side Impact Dummy)

**Purpose:** International harmonized side impact dummy

### Versions

| Model | Percentile | Primary Use |
|-------|------------|-------------|
| WorldSID 50th | 50th male | Side impact |
| WorldSID 5th | 5th female | Side impact |

### Instrumentation

| Location | Measurements |
|----------|--------------|
| Head | Triaxial acceleration, angular velocity |
| Neck | 6-axis load cell |
| Thorax | Rib deflections (3 levels, multiple points) |
| Abdomen | Forces |
| Pelvis | Acceleration, pubic force |
| Spine | T1, T12 acceleration |

---

## SID-IIs (Side Impact Dummy - Second Generation)

**Purpose:** Small female side impact (IIHS side test)

| Parameter | Specification |
|-----------|---------------|
| Percentile | 5th female |
| Height | 152 cm (5'0") |
| Weight | 45 kg (99 lb) |
| Primary use | IIHS side impact test |

---

## ES-2re (European Side Impact Dummy - Rib Extension)

**Purpose:** FMVSS 214 side impact

| Parameter | Specification |
|-----------|---------------|
| Percentile | 50th male |
| Rib design | Extended measurement range |
| Primary use | FMVSS 214, NCAP side |

---

## Q-Series (Child Dummies)

**Purpose:** Child occupant protection

| Model | Age Represented | Weight |
|-------|-----------------|--------|
| Q0 | Newborn | 3.4 kg |
| Q1 | 1-year-old | 9.8 kg |
| Q1.5 | 1.5-year-old | 11 kg |
| Q3 | 3-year-old | 14.5 kg |
| Q6 | 6-year-old | 23 kg |
| Q10 | 10-year-old | 36 kg |

### Q-Dummy Features
- Biofidelic child response
- Appropriate injury criteria
- Used in Euro NCAP, i-Size testing

---

## CRABI (Child Restraint Air Bag Interaction)

**Purpose:** Infant dummy for airbag interaction testing

| Model | Age | Weight | Use |
|-------|-----|--------|-----|
| CRABI 6-month | 6 months | 7.8 kg | Out-of-position testing |
| CRABI 12-month | 12 months | 10 kg | Child seat testing |

---

## WIAMan (Warrior Injury Assessment Manikin)

**Purpose:** Military underbody blast testing

| Feature | Specification |
|---------|---------------|
| Developer | US Army + DTS |
| Primary threat | IED underbody blast |
| Key measurements | Lumbar spine, pelvis |
| Position | Seated (military vehicle) |

---

# COORDINATE SYSTEMS

## SAE J1733: Sign Convention for Vehicle Crash Testing

**Purpose:** Standardized coordinate system for crash data

### Vehicle Coordinate System

```
        +Z (up)
          |
          |
          |_______ +Y (right)
         /
        /
       +X (forward)
```

| Axis | Positive Direction |
|------|-------------------|
| X | Forward (direction of travel) |
| Y | Right (passenger side in LHD) |
| Z | Up |

### Dummy Coordinate System

Same convention as vehicle:
- +X: Forward (anterior)
- +Y: Right (lateral)
- +Z: Up (superior)

### Sign Conventions for Loads

| Measurement | Positive | Negative |
|-------------|----------|----------|
| Neck tension | Pulling head away from torso | Compression |
| Neck flexion | Chin toward chest | Extension (head back) |
| Femur compression | Pushing toward hip | Tension |
| Chest deflection | Compression | N/A |

---

# CALIBRATION STANDARDS

## SAE J2570: Performance Specifications for Anthropomorphic Test Device Transducers

**Scope:** Transducer specifications for ATDs

### Accelerometer Specifications

| Parameter | Specification |
|-----------|---------------|
| Range | ±50g to ±500g (application dependent) |
| Sensitivity | Typically 0.1-10 mV/g |
| Cross-axis sensitivity | <5% |
| Frequency response | DC to CFC requirement |
| Shock survival | >1000g for head accelerometers |

### Load Cell Specifications

| Parameter | Specification |
|-----------|---------------|
| Accuracy | ±1% full scale |
| Cross-talk | <3% between channels |
| Hysteresis | <1% |
| Zero shift | <2% after impact |

---

## ISO 6487 Calibration Requirements

### Calibration Intervals

| Component | Calibration Interval |
|-----------|---------------------|
| Accelerometers | Annual or after 50 impacts |
| Load cells | Annual or after impact exceedance |
| Data acquisition | Annual |
| Filters | Verification with each test |

### Calibration Documentation

| Item | Required |
|------|----------|
| Calibration certificate | Yes |
| Traceability to national standards | Yes |
| Environmental conditions | Yes |
| Uncertainty statement | Yes |

---

# BARRIER SPECIFICATIONS

## IIHS Deformable Barrier (Moderate Overlap)

| Parameter | Specification |
|-----------|---------------|
| Face | Deformable aluminum honeycomb |
| Width | 1,000 mm |
| Height | 650 mm |
| Crush strength | Progressive, 0.34 MPa face, 1.7 MPa back |
| Mass | N/A (barrier fixed) |

## FMVSS 214 Moving Deformable Barrier (MDB)

| Parameter | Specification |
|-----------|---------------|
| Mass | 1,368 kg (3,015 lb) |
| Face | Deformable aluminum honeycomb |
| Face width | 1,676 mm |
| Face height | 559 mm |
| Ground clearance | 279 mm |
| Impact speed | 33.5 mph (53.9 km/h) |

## IIHS Side Impact Barrier (2021+)

| Parameter | 2003-2020 | 2021+ |
|-----------|-----------|-------|
| Mass | 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) | 1,905 kg (4,200 lb) |
| Speed | 50 km/h (31 mph) | 60 km/h (37 mph) |
| Ground clearance | 300 mm | Higher profile |
| Face height | Standard | Taller |

## IIHS Small Overlap Rigid Barrier

| Parameter | Specification |
|-----------|---------------|
| Type | Rigid (non-deformable) |
| Width | 25% of vehicle width |
| Surface | Flat, rigid |
| Impact speed | 64 km/h (40 mph) |

## Euro NCAP Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier (MPDB)

| Parameter | Specification |
|-----------|---------------|
| Mass | 1,400 kg |
| Speed | 50 km/h |
| Face | Progressive crush (multi-layer) |
| Measurement | Barrier deformation recorded |
| Purpose | Assess vehicle's "aggressivity" |

---

# DATA ANALYSIS STANDARDS

## SAE J2052: Test Method for Determining Center of Gravity

**Purpose:** Locate vehicle CG for crash test setup

### Method
- Three-point weighing
- Tilt table measurement
- Calculate CG location in X, Y, Z

---

## SAE J1733: Sign Convention

Already covered above - defines positive/negative directions for all measurements.

---

## ISO 13232-5: Injury Indices and Risk/Benefit Analysis

**Scope:** Converting dummy measurements to injury probability

### Injury Probability Functions

Example for head injury:

$$P_{injury} = \frac{1}{1 + e^{-(\alpha + \beta \cdot HIC)}}$$

Where α and β are coefficients derived from real-world injury data.

---

# CRASH TEST FACILITY STANDARDS

## SAE J2432: Performance Requirements for a Photogrammetric Vehicle Test System

**Scope:** Requirements for target tracking systems

### Target Specifications

| Target | Size | Contrast | Placement |
|--------|------|----------|-----------|
| Vehicle reference | 25 mm diameter | Black/white | B-pillar, roof rail |
| Dummy | 10-15 mm | Contrasting | Head, chest, knee |
| Time reference | Frame counter | Visible | In-frame |

### Measurement Accuracy

| Parameter | Accuracy |
|-----------|----------|
| Position | ±5 mm |
| Velocity | ±1% |
| Acceleration | ±2% |

---

# SLED TEST STANDARDS

## SAE J2765: HYGE Sled Test Procedure

**Scope:** Sled test setup and execution

### Sled Pulse Reproduction

| Parameter | Tolerance |
|-----------|-----------|
| Peak acceleration | ±5% |
| Pulse duration | ±5% |
| Velocity change | ±2% |
| Time to peak | ±5% |

### Data Acquisition for Sled Tests

Same requirements as full vehicle (SAE J211) plus:
- Sled acceleration
- Sled velocity
- Sled displacement

---

# EURO NCAP TECHNICAL BULLETINS

Euro NCAP publishes detailed technical bulletins specifying:

| Bulletin | Content |
|----------|---------|
| TB 013 | Pedestrian testing protocol |
| TB 024 | AEB test protocol |
| TB 025 | Whiplash test protocol |
| TB 026 | MPDB test protocol |

These reference ISO 6487 for instrumentation requirements.

---

# RELATED STANDARDS SUMMARY

## Instrumentation & Data

| Standard | Title | Key Content |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| SAE J211-1 | Electronic Instrumentation | CFC, filtering, sampling |
| SAE J211-2 | Photographic Instrumentation | High-speed video |
| ISO 6487 | Measurement Techniques | International equivalent of J211 |
| SAE J1733 | Sign Convention | Coordinate systems |
| SAE J2570 | Transducer Specifications | Sensor requirements |

## Injury Criteria

| Standard | Title | Key Content |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| SAE J885 | Human Tolerance to Impact | HIC derivation |
| FMVSS 208 | Injury criteria | HIC, chest, femur limits |
| ISO 13232-5 | Injury Indices | Probability functions |

## Dummy Specifications

| Standard | Title | Key Content |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| SAE J963 | Hybrid III Specifications | Dummy design |
| SAE J2868 | THOR Specifications | Next-gen dummy |
| ISO 13232-3 | Motorcyclist ATD | Rider dummy |
| Various CFR | CRABI, SID, Q-series | Specialized dummies |

## Test Procedures

| Standard | Title | Key Content |
|----------|-------|-------------|
| SAE J2432 | Photogrammetric Systems | Target tracking |
| SAE J2765 | Sled Test Procedure | Sled setup |
| Euro NCAP TB | Various technical bulletins | Test protocols |

---

# KEY DEFINITIONS

| Term | Definition |
|------|------------|
| **ATD** | Anthropomorphic Test Device (crash test dummy) |
| **CFC** | Channel Frequency Class (filter bandwidth) |
| **HIC** | Head Injury Criterion |
| **Nij** | Neck Injury Criterion |
| **CTI** | Combined Thoracic Index |
| **V*C** | Viscous Criterion (rate-dependent chest injury) |
| **SI** | Severity Index (helmet testing) |
| **MDB** | Moving Deformable Barrier |
| **MPDB** | Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier |
| **OOP** | Out-of-Position (airbag testing) |
| **Biofidelity** | How closely dummy response matches human |
| **Zero shift** | Change in sensor zero after impact |
| **Cross-axis sensitivity** | Response to off-axis input |

---

# DTS RELEVANCE

## How These Standards Apply to DTS Products

| Standard | DTS Application |
|----------|-----------------|
| SAE J211-1 | SLICE systems meet CFC filtering requirements |
| SAE J2570 | DTS accelerometers meet transducer specifications |
| ISO 6487 | International test facilities use DTS to meet ISO requirements |
| Dummy specs | DTS instrumentation embedded in Hybrid III, THOR, WorldSID |

## Key DTS Capabilities

| Requirement | DTS Solution |
|-------------|--------------|
| CFC 1000 head data | High-frequency accelerometers |
| Multi-channel recording | SLICE NANO, SLICE6 |
| Shock survival | Designed for 1000g+ |
| Zero shift | Minimal drift post-impact |
| Sample rate | Up to 100 kHz |

---

*Document prepared as technical reference for DTS safety testing*
*Standards current as of February 2026*
*Last updated: February 13, 2026*