# Safety Testing Customer Showcase
## DTS Internal Presentation - Ben (Application Engineer)
### Duration: 45 minutes

---

# SLIDE-BY-SLIDE CONTENT WITH SPEAKER NOTES

---

## SLIDE 1: Title Slide
**Title:** "Saving Lives, One Data Point at a Time"
**Subtitle:** Understanding Our Safety Testing Customers
**Presenter:** Ben, Application Engineer
**Company:** Diversified Technical Systems

---

## SLIDE 2: Opening Hook - The Numbers

### Content:
- **1970:** 4.74 deaths per 100 million vehicle miles traveled
- **2019:** 1.10 deaths per 100 million vehicle miles traveled  
- **That's a 77% reduction in fatality rate**
- Despite 3x more miles driven annually (1.1 trillion vs 3.2 trillion)

### Speaker Notes:
> "Let me start with a number that should make everyone in this room proud to work here. In 1970, for every 100 million miles Americans drove, nearly 5 people died. Today, that number is just over 1. We drive three times as many miles, yet the fatality rate has dropped by 77%. This didn't happen by accident - it happened because of research, testing, and the relentless pursuit of data. And DTS is part of that story."

---

## SLIDE 3: The Dark Ages of Vehicle Safety

### Visual:
![[assets/1957_buick_dashboard.jpg|400]]
*1957 Buick Roadmaster dashboard - chrome everywhere, no safety padding*

![[assets/1957_chevy_styling.jpg|400]]
*1957 Chevrolet Bel Air - style over safety*

### Content:
**Pre-1950s Reality:**
- No seatbelts standard in vehicles
- Rigid steering columns (speared drivers in crashes)
- Solid steel dashboards
- No crumple zones
- Chrome and glass everywhere
- Philosophy: "The driver is the problem"

**1937:** 37,819 deaths with only 270 billion miles driven (14.0 deaths/100M miles)

### Speaker Notes:
> "Before we appreciate where we are, we need to understand where we started. In the 1930s through 1950s, cars were essentially steel boxes designed to look good and go fast. Safety was an afterthought. If you crashed, the car stayed mostly intact - but YOU didn't. Steering columns speared through drivers. Passengers hit chrome-plated steel dashboards. The industry's position? 'Crashes are caused by bad drivers.' Improve the driver, not the car."

---

## SLIDE 3B: The Cadaver Pioneers (Optional Slide)

### Visual:
![[assets/cadaver_crash_test.jpg|400]]
*Cadaver used during a frontal impact test (historical)*

### Content:
**Wayne State University - 1930s-1950s:**
- First serious research on crash injury mechanics
- Used human cadavers to study impact tolerance
- Ball bearings dropped on skulls to measure force thresholds
- Bodies dropped down elevator shafts onto steel plates
- Crude accelerometers attached to measure forces

**What They Learned:**
- Human injury thresholds for different body parts
- Skull fracture forces
- Chest compression limits
- Foundation for all crash test dummy design

**Albert King's 1995 Calculation:**
- For every cadaver used in research:
  - 61 people survive annually due to seatbelts
  - 147 survive due to airbags
  - 68 survive windshield impact
- ~8,500 lives saved annually from cadaver research (as of 1987)

### Speaker Notes:
> "Before we had crash test dummies, researchers had to use human cadavers - and sometimes themselves. Wayne State University pioneered this work in the 1930s and 40s. They dropped ball bearings on skulls to measure fracture thresholds. They sent bodies down elevator shafts to study impact forces. It sounds gruesome, but this research gave us the fundamental data about human injury tolerance that everything else is built on. Albert King calculated that cadaver research saves over 8,500 lives every year. For every single cadaver used, 61 people survive each year because of seatbelt designs, 147 because of airbag designs, and 68 survive windshield impacts. The ethical debates around this research were real, but the lives saved are undeniable."

---

## SLIDE 4: Col. John Paul Stapp - "The Fastest Man on Earth"

### Visual:
![[assets/john_stapp_portrait.jpg|300]]
*Col. John Stapp in Air Force uniform*

![[assets/john_stapp_rocket_sled.jpg|400]]
*Stapp riding the rocket sled at Edwards Air Force Base*

### Content:
**Key Facts:**
- USAF Flight Surgeon, Physician, Biophysicist (1910-1999)
- Began rocket sled deceleration experiments in 1947
- Personally rode the sled **29 times**
- Final ride (Dec 10, 1954): **46.2 g deceleration** - still a record for voluntary human exposure
- Reached 632 mph, stopped in 1.4 seconds
- Injuries: broken wrists, broken ribs, temporary blindness, lost fillings

### Speaker Notes:
> "Meet Colonel John Stapp - a man who literally put his body on the line for safety research. Starting in 1947, Stapp conducted rocket sled experiments to understand human tolerance to deceleration. But here's the remarkable thing - when he couldn't get enough volunteers, he rode the sled himself. 29 times. On his final ride in 1954, he accelerated to 632 miles per hour - faster than the land speed record at the time - then stopped in 1.4 seconds, experiencing 46.2 g's of deceleration. He broke bones, lost fillings, and temporarily lost his vision - but he survived. And he proved that humans could withstand far more than anyone believed."

---

## SLIDE 5: Stapp's Legacy

### Content:
**What Stapp Proved:**
- Prior belief: Humans couldn't survive beyond 18g
- Stapp survived 46.2g (and believed humans could withstand more)
- Proper restraints are critical
- Backward-facing seats are safest (though airlines still don't use them)
- Led to ejection seat development for fighter pilots

**Quote:** "I felt a sensation in the eyes, somewhat like the extraction of a molar without anesthetic." - John Stapp, describing 46.2g

**Fun Fact:** Stapp popularized "Murphy's Law" - the principle came from his project

### Speaker Notes:
> "Stapp's work fundamentally changed what we knew about human survivability. Before his experiments, the accepted limit was 18g - anything beyond that was considered fatal. Stapp proved that was wrong. He also developed new harness designs, advocated tirelessly for seatbelts in cars, and his research led directly to fighter pilot ejection seats. After retiring from the Air Force, he was loaned to NHTSA to continue auto safety research. Oh, and one more thing - you've all heard of Murphy's Law? 'Anything that can go wrong, will go wrong.' That originated on Stapp's project. He's the one who popularized it."

---

## SLIDE 6: Ralph Nader - "Unsafe at Any Speed" (1965)

### Visual:
![[assets/unsafe_at_any_speed_cover.jpg|300]]
*Unsafe at Any Speed - the book that changed everything (1965)*

![[assets/ralph_nader_1975.jpg|350]]
*Ralph Nader, consumer advocate and author*

### Content:

**The Controversy:**
- November 30, 1965: Book published, attacking auto industry
- Chapter 1: "The Sporty Corvair" - exposed dangerous swing-axle suspension
- Central thesis: Automakers prioritized style over safety
- Industry spent 23 cents per car on safety vs. $700 on annual styling changes

**GM's Response:**
- Hired private investigators to dig up dirt on Nader
- Surveillance, harassment, attempted entrapment
- GM President forced to apologize before Congress (1966)
- Nader sued and won $425,000 - used it to found Center for Auto Safety

### Speaker Notes:
> "In 1965, a young lawyer named Ralph Nader published a book that would change everything. 'Unsafe at Any Speed' was a scathing indictment of the auto industry. Nader documented how manufacturers prioritized style over safety, spending $700 per car on annual cosmetic changes while investing just 23 cents on safety. GM's response? They hired private investigators to follow Nader, tap his phones, and even hired women to try to entrap him. When this came to light, GM's president was hauled before Congress and forced to publicly apologize. Nader sued and won - and used the settlement to found the Center for Auto Safety, which still operates today."

---

## SLIDE 7: The Birth of Modern Safety Regulation

### Content:
**Timeline:**
- **1965:** Unsafe at Any Speed published
- **1966:** National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act signed
- **1966:** U.S. Department of Transportation created
- **1970:** NHTSA established (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration)

**The Paradigm Shift:**
- Before: "Crashes are caused by bad drivers" (Education, Enforcement, Engineering of ROADS)
- After: "Crashworthiness" - design cars to protect occupants WHEN crashes occur

**Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS):** Now over 50 standards covering everything from windshield wipers to fuel system integrity

### Speaker Notes:
> "Nader's book, combined with growing public outrage, led to Congressional action. In 1966, President Johnson signed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act. The Department of Transportation was created that same year, and by 1970, NHTSA was established. This represented a fundamental shift in philosophy. The old 'Three E's' - Education, Enforcement, and Engineering - were all about blaming the driver. The new approach recognized that crashes WILL happen, so we need to design vehicles that protect people when they do. This philosophy - crashworthiness - is what our customers work on every day."

---

## SLIDE 8: The Seatbelt Revolution - Nils Bohlin

### Visual:
![[assets/seatbelt_three_point.jpg|400]]
*The modern three-point seatbelt - Nils Bohlin's life-saving invention (1959)*

### Content:

**The Inventor:**
- Nils Bohlin (1920-2002), Swedish engineer
- Previously designed ejection seats at Saab
- Hired by Volvo in 1958 as safety engineer
- Invented modern 3-point seatbelt in 1959

**The Patent Decision:**
- Volvo patented the design (US Patent 3,043,625)
- **Then made it available to all automakers for free**
- Volvo believed safety shouldn't be proprietary

**Impact:**
- NHTSA estimates seatbelts save ~15,000 lives per year in US alone
- Bohlin's study of 28,000 accidents: No belted occupants died below 60 mph if compartment stayed intact

### Speaker Notes:
> "While politicians debated, an engineer in Sweden was solving the problem. Nils Bohlin had spent years designing ejection seats at Saab - systems to get pilots OUT of aircraft. When he joined Volvo in 1958, he turned his attention to keeping people IN their vehicles safely. The result was the modern three-point seatbelt - the V-shaped design we all use today. Here's the remarkable part: Volvo patented it, then made the patent freely available to every automaker in the world. They believed something that important shouldn't be proprietary. Today, seatbelts save an estimated 15,000 lives per year in the US alone. Bohlin's invention is considered one of the most important safety innovations in history."

---

## SLIDE 9: Video Segment - Historical Perspective

### Content:
**VIDEO: 2-3 minutes**
Options:
1. Col. Stapp rocket sled footage (public domain, available on YouTube)
2. IIHS 50th Anniversary Test: 1959 Bel Air vs. 2009 Malibu
3. Compilation of early crash test footage

**Suggested:** IIHS 1959 vs 2009 test - powerful visual of progress

### Speaker Notes:
> "Let me show you just how far we've come. [PLAY VIDEO] In 2009, IIHS celebrated their 50th anniversary by crashing a 1959 Chevy Bel Air into a 2009 Chevy Malibu at 40 mph. The Bel Air completely collapses - the occupant compartment is destroyed. The Malibu? The driver probably walks away. This is what 50 years of safety research looks like. This is what our customers do."

---

## SLIDE 10: The Modern Safety Ecosystem - Key Players

### Content:
**Regulatory/Government:**
- NHTSA (US) - Mandatory FMVSS standards, 5-star ratings
- Transport Canada
- UNECE (European regulations)
- JNCAP, KNCAP, ANCAP, etc.

**Independent Testing (Consumer Information):**
- IIHS (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety) - Founded 1959
- Euro NCAP - Founded 1997
- Global NCAP programs

**Key Difference:**
- NHTSA: Minimum standards (pass/fail)
- IIHS/NCAP: Consumer ratings (competition for better)

### Speaker Notes:
> "Let me walk you through the modern safety ecosystem - because understanding this helps you understand our customers. There are two parallel tracks. First, government regulations - NHTSA in the US sets Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. These are the minimum requirements every vehicle must meet. Pass or fail. But here's where it gets interesting - the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, IIHS, provides CONSUMER ratings. Their tests are often more demanding than government requirements, and their ratings directly affect buying decisions. This creates competitive pressure that pushes manufacturers beyond minimum compliance."

---

## SLIDE 11: IIHS - Changing the Game

### Visual:
![[assets/iihs_crash_hall.jpg|400]]
*IIHS crash test facility - where vehicles earn their safety ratings*

![[assets/iihs_frontal_crash_test.jpg|400]]
*IIHS frontal crash test in progress*

### Content:
**IIHS History:**
- Founded 1959 by insurance industry
- Funding: Auto insurance companies (they pay claims, so they're motivated)
- William Haddon Jr. became president 1969, began crash testing

**Game-Changing Tests:**
- 1995: Moderate overlap frontal test (40% offset, deformable barrier)
- 2003: Side impact test
- 2009: Roof strength test
- **2012: Small overlap frontal test (25% offset)** - Most manufacturers failed initially
- 2021: Updated side test (heavier, faster)

**The Small Overlap Story:**
- First tests (2012): Only 3 of 11 luxury cars earned "Good" or "Acceptable"
- Exposed a gap in protection that NHTSA tests missed
- Manufacturers scrambled to redesign structures

### Speaker Notes:
> "IIHS deserves special attention because they've repeatedly pushed the industry forward. Their funding comes from insurance companies - the people who pay out when crashes happen. So they're highly motivated to reduce crash injuries. In 2012, IIHS introduced the small overlap frontal test. This simulates hitting a tree or pole with just 25% of the front end. When they first ran this test, most vehicles failed miserably - including luxury cars. It exposed a massive gap in protection that the existing tests didn't catch. Manufacturers had to completely redesign their structures. This is the competitive pressure that drives innovation."

---

## SLIDE 12: Our Customer Segments

### Content:
**1. Government/Regulatory**
- NHTSA Vehicle Research & Test Center (East Liberty, Ohio)
- Transport Canada
- JNCAP, KNCAP, etc.

**2. Academic/Research Institutions**
- Ohio State Injury Biomechanics Research Center
- Wayne State University Bioengineering Center
- University of Virginia Center for Applied Biomechanics
- Wake Forest University

**3. Independent Test Labs**
- Calspan (Buffalo, NY)
- MGA Research (Burlington, WI)
- Karco Engineering

**4. OEM Safety Labs**
- GM, Ford, Stellantis (US)
- Toyota, Honda, Nissan (Japan)
- VW, BMW, Mercedes (Germany)
- Hyundai, Kia (Korea)

### Speaker Notes:
> "So who are our customers? Let me break it down. Government labs like NHTSA's Vehicle Research and Test Center set and verify standards. Universities conduct fundamental research on human injury tolerance - Ohio State, Wayne State, UVA - these institutions have been advancing biomechanics for decades. Independent test labs like Calspan and MGA conduct tests for multiple clients - they might test the same vehicle for IIHS ratings, for an OEM validation program, and for a supplier qualification all in the same month. And of course, every major automaker has their own safety testing facilities."

---

## SLIDE 13: Customer Segments (Continued)

### Content:
**5. Insurance Industry**
- IIHS (Ruckersville, Virginia)
- Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI)

**6. Tier 1 Suppliers**
- Autoliv (airbags, seatbelts)
- ZF/TRW (occupant safety systems)
- Joyson Safety Systems
- Takata successor companies

**7. Beyond Automotive**
- Helmet manufacturers (NFL, NHL, cycling)
- Military (blast protection, ejection seats)
- Child seat manufacturers
- Sports equipment
- Aerospace

### Speaker Notes:
> "There's more. IIHS runs their own test facility in Virginia - one of the most sophisticated in the world. Tier 1 suppliers like Autoliv and ZF develop and validate restraint systems - they need data acquisition for component testing, sled testing, and full vehicle validation. And don't forget - safety testing extends well beyond cars. Our equipment is used to test NFL helmets, military blast protection, ejection seats, and playground equipment. Anywhere there's a question of 'what forces does the human body experience?' - that's where DTS fits."

---

## SLIDE 14: The Economics of Safety Testing

### Content:
**What Things Cost:**

| Item | Approximate Cost |
|------|------------------|
| Full vehicle crash test | $50,000 - $500,000+ |
| Test vehicle (destroyed) | $30,000 - $80,000 |
| ATD (Hybrid III 50th Male) | $200,000 - $400,000 |
| ATD (THOR) | $500,000 - $800,000 |
| WorldSID 50th | $400,000+ |
| DTS data acquisition system | [Reference DTS pricing] |

**Why Data Acquisition Matters:**
- A crashed car is gone forever
- The DATA is what remains
- Every sensor, every channel, every data point must be right
- One bad test = $100K+ repeat cost

### Speaker Notes:
> "Let's talk money, because this helps explain why our customers care so much about data quality. A single crash test can cost anywhere from $50,000 to over half a million dollars, depending on the vehicle and test configuration. The test vehicle is destroyed - that's $30,000 to $80,000 gone. A Hybrid III dummy costs $200,000 to $400,000. The new THOR dummy? Up to $800,000. Here's the thing - once you've crashed the car, it's done. All you have left is the data. If a sensor failed, if a channel dropped out, if the data is questionable - you might have to run the entire test again. That's why our customers demand reliability and accuracy. The data acquisition system is a small fraction of the total test cost, but it's what captures ALL the value."

---

## SLIDE 15: Types of Crash Tests

### Visual:
![[assets/small_overlap_test.jpg|400]]
*IIHS small overlap frontal test - the test that changed vehicle design*

![[assets/roof_strength_test.jpg|400]]
*Roof strength/crush resistance test*

### Content:
**Frontal Impact:**
- Full frontal (NHTSA NCAP - 35 mph rigid barrier)
- Moderate overlap (IIHS - 40% offset, 40 mph)
- Small overlap (IIHS - 25% offset, 40 mph)
- Oblique (NHTSA proposed)

**Side Impact:**
- Moving deformable barrier (NHTSA/IIHS)
- Pole impact
- Updated IIHS test (2021): heavier, faster barrier

**Other:**
- Rear impact (head restraint whiplash)
- Roof crush/rollover
- Pedestrian protection
- Frontal collision avoidance (AEB testing)

### Speaker Notes:
> "Let me walk you through the main test types, because this is what our customers' equipment configurations are designed around. Frontal tests come in several flavors - full frontal into a rigid wall, offset into a deformable barrier, and the challenging small overlap test. Each stresses the structure differently and requires different instrumentation. Side impacts can be a moving barrier simulating a T-bone crash, or a pole simulating wrapping around a tree. IIHS recently updated their side test to be more demanding - heavier barrier, higher speed. Manufacturers had to redesign, and they needed data to do it."

---

## SLIDE 16: The ATD - "The Crash Test Dummy"

### Visual:
![[assets/sierra_sam.jpg|250]]
*Sierra Sam (1949) - the first crash test dummy*

![[assets/hybrid_iii_family.jpg|400]]
*The Hybrid III family - representing different human sizes*

![[assets/thor_dummy.jpg|350]]
*THOR dummy - the next generation of crash testing*

### Content:
**Evolution:**
- 1949: "Sierra Sam" - first crash test dummy
- 1971: Hybrid I
- 1972: Hybrid II  
- 1976: Hybrid III (still widely used today)
- 2020s: THOR (advanced thorax, more biofidelic)

**The Hybrid III Family:**
- 50th percentile male (most common)
- 95th percentile male
- 5th percentile female
- 6-year-old, 3-year-old, 12-month-old

**DTS Connection:**
- ATDs are mechanical bodies
- DTS provides the "nervous system" - the sensors that feel
- Accelerometers, load cells, displacement sensors
- We turn physical events into measurable data

### Speaker Notes:
> "The crash test dummy - officially called an Anthropomorphic Test Device or ATD - is a remarkable piece of engineering. The Hybrid III, introduced in 1976, is still the global standard for frontal impact testing. It comes in a family of sizes representing different human populations. The THOR dummy is newer, with more sophisticated chest instrumentation. But here's the key - these dummies are mechanical devices. They have no way to 'feel' or 'report' what happens to them without instrumentation. That's where DTS comes in. We provide the nervous system - the accelerometers in the head, the load cells in the neck and femurs, the chest deflection potentiometers. We turn a physical crash event into data that engineers can analyze."

---

## SLIDE 17: Beyond Automotive

### Visual:
![[assets/wiaman_dummy.jpg|400]]
*WIAMan dummy - military blast protection testing (developed with DTS)*

### Content:
**Sports:**
- NFL helmet testing (concussion research)
- Hockey helmet certification
- Bicycle helmet standards
- Equestrian helmets

**Military:**
- Blast/IED protection
- Vehicle survivability
- Ejection seat development
- Body armor testing

**Other:**
- Child car seats
- Playground equipment impact testing
- Aerospace

**Common Thread:** Human impact tolerance research - our core competency

### Speaker Notes:
> "Our technology extends well beyond automotive. The NFL has invested heavily in helmet testing after the concussion crisis - they need data on head acceleration and rotation. The military tests vehicle underbody protection against IEDs, body armor against ballistic impact, and ejection seats for pilot survivability. Child seat manufacturers must meet strict certification standards. Even playground equipment is impact-tested to injury standards. All of these applications share a common thread - understanding what forces the human body experiences and whether they exceed injury thresholds. That's biomechanics. That's what our customers do."

---

## SLIDE 18: The Impact - Lives Saved

### Content:
**The Numbers:**

| Metric | Then | Now | Change |
|--------|------|-----|--------|
| Deaths per 100M VMT | 4.74 (1970) | 1.10 (2019) | -77% |
| Annual deaths | 52,627 (1970) | 36,355 (2019) | -31% |
| VMT (billions) | 1,109 (1970) | 3,248 (2019) | +193% |

**Estimated Lives Saved (NHTSA estimates):**
- Seatbelts: ~15,000/year
- Airbags: ~2,500/year
- ESC (electronic stability control): ~2,200/year
- Improved structures: thousands more

**Total since 1970:** Hundreds of thousands of lives saved

### Speaker Notes:
> "Let's bring this back to impact. In 1970, we had about 53,000 traffic deaths with 1.1 trillion miles driven. In 2019 - before the pandemic skewed things - we had 36,000 deaths with over 3 trillion miles driven. The fatality RATE dropped 77%. If we still had 1970 fatality rates with today's driving, we'd have over 150,000 deaths per year instead of 36,000. That's over 100,000 lives saved ANNUALLY by safety improvements. Seatbelts alone save an estimated 15,000 lives per year. Airbags add another 2,500. Electronic stability control prevents rollovers. Better structures protect occupants. All of this comes from research, testing, and data."

---

## SLIDE 19: Our Role in the Ecosystem

### Content:
**DTS Equipment Is Used:**
- In virtually every major automotive safety lab worldwide
- By NHTSA, IIHS, Euro NCAP
- By every major OEM
- By leading universities and research institutions
- By Tier 1 suppliers

**What We Provide:**
- Precision data acquisition
- Reliability under extreme conditions
- The data that makes safety research possible

**The Bottom Line:**
"When a researcher needs to know exactly what forces a human body experiences in a crash - they trust DTS to capture that data accurately."

### Speaker Notes:
> "So where does DTS fit? Our equipment is in virtually every major safety lab in the world. When NHTSA runs a compliance test, when IIHS rates a vehicle, when a university studies injury biomechanics, when an OEM validates a new design - DTS data acquisition is capturing the critical measurements. We provide the precision and reliability that makes this research possible. When there's a crash, the car is destroyed. The data is what remains. Our job is to make sure that data is right."

---

## SLIDE 20: Closing - Why This Matters

### Content:
**Image:** Split image - crash test vs. family in car

**Remember:**
- Every test we support generates data
- That data drives design decisions
- Those decisions save lives
- Real people, real families

**We're not just selling data acquisition equipment.**
**We're part of a system that saves lives.**

### Speaker Notes:
> "I want to leave you with this thought. Every piece of equipment we ship, every support call we take, every application we help configure - it's part of a system that saves real lives. The engineer analyzing crash data isn't looking at abstract numbers - they're figuring out how to prevent someone's parent, child, or spouse from being killed or injured. From Colonel Stapp riding rocket sleds in the 1950s, to Nils Bohlin's three-point belt, to today's advanced restraint systems and crash avoidance technology - this is a field defined by people who dedicated their careers to protecting human life. We're part of that tradition. Thank you."

---

## SLIDE 21: Q&A

**Content:** Questions?

---

# APPENDIX

## Video Resources

### 1. Col. John Stapp Rocket Sled Footage (Highly Recommended)
**YouTube:** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4D4rJIYyss
- Title: "Colonel John Stapp: The Fastest Man on Earth"
- Duration: ~4 minutes (can excerpt 1-2 min)
- Public domain footage from US Air Force
- Dramatic visuals of the actual 46.2g experiment
- Shows Stapp's face distortion under extreme g-forces

**Alternative:** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1LO6uxy11I
- Shorter compilation of rocket sled runs

### 2. IIHS 1959 vs 2009 Crash Test (HIGHLY RECOMMENDED - use this one!)
**YouTube:** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joMK1WZjP7g
- Title: "1959 Chevrolet Bel Air vs. 2009 Chevrolet Malibu IIHS crash test"
- Duration: 1:43
- Official IIHS video
- **THE most powerful demonstration of 50 years of safety progress**
- Shows the 1959 Bel Air completely collapsing while Malibu stays intact
- Perfect for Slide 9 video segment

### 3. IIHS Small Overlap Test Compilation
**YouTube:** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vz4jVPQ8-jA
- Shows multiple vehicles in small overlap test
- Demonstrates why this test changed vehicle design

### 4. Modern Euro NCAP Crash Test Compilation
**YouTube:** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ttkVRwOtVE
- High-speed camera footage
- Shows sophistication of modern testing protocols

### 5. How Crash Test Dummies Work
**YouTube:** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xN3HwopD9gI
- Explains ATD instrumentation and purpose
- Good for technical audiences interested in the "how"

### Video Usage Tips for Ben:
- **For this presentation:** Use the IIHS 1959 vs 2009 test (1:43) - it's the most impactful
- Play after Slide 8 (seatbelt section) or during Slide 9
- Can also show Stapp footage if time permits (excerpt 60-90 seconds)
- Always test video playback before the presentation

---

## Key Statistics Reference

### US Traffic Fatalities (Source: NHTSA/Wikipedia)
| Year | Deaths | VMT (billions) | Deaths/100M VMT | Notes |
|------|--------|----------------|-----------------|-------|
| 1921 | 13,253 | 55 | 24.09 | Early automobile era |
| 1937 | 37,819 | 270 | 14.00 | Pre-safety features |
| 1950 | 33,186 | 458 | 7.24 | Post-war boom |
| 1960 | 36,399 | 718 | 5.06 | Pre-Nader |
| 1970 | 52,627 | 1,109 | 4.74 | Peak deaths (post-NHTSA) |
| 1972 | 54,589 | 1,264 | 4.32 | All-time peak US deaths |
| 1980 | 51,091 | 1,527 | 3.35 | Seatbelt laws starting |
| 1990 | 44,599 | 2,144 | 2.08 | Airbags spreading |
| 2000 | 41,945 | 2,747 | 1.53 | ESC emerging |
| 2010 | 32,999 | 2,967 | 1.11 | Historic low rate |
| 2011 | 32,479 | 2,946 | 1.10 | Lowest since 1949 |
| 2019 | 36,096 | 3,225 | 1.11 | Pre-pandemic baseline |
| 2020 | 38,824 | 2,830 | 1.37 | Pandemic spike (less driving, more speeding) |
| 2021 | 42,939 | 3,212 | 1.33 | Highest deaths since 2005 |
| 2022 | 42,795 | 3,270 | 1.31 | Slight improvement |

### The "What If" Calculation
**If we still had 1970 fatality rates today:**
- 1970 rate: 4.74 deaths per 100M VMT
- 2019 VMT: 3.225 trillion miles
- Hypothetical deaths: **152,865 per year**
- Actual deaths (2019): 36,096
- **Lives saved by safety improvements: ~116,769 per year**

### Lives Saved by Technology (NHTSA Estimates, Annual US)
| Technology | Lives Saved/Year | First Required | Notes |
|------------|------------------|----------------|-------|
| Seatbelts | ~15,000 | 1968 | Single most effective safety device |
| Frontal airbags | ~2,790 | 1998 | Driver + passenger |
| Side airbags | ~425 | Voluntary | Growing adoption |
| ESC (Electronic Stability Control) | ~2,202 | 2012 | Prevents rollovers |
| Daytime running lights | ~400-600 | Voluntary | Visibility improvement |
| ABS (Anti-lock brakes) | ~200-400 | Voluntary | Varies by study |
| Improved structures | Thousands | Ongoing | Hard to quantify separately |

### Cumulative Lives Saved (NHTSA Estimates)
- **Seatbelts (1960-2012):** 329,715 lives
- **Airbags (1987-2012):** 37,409 lives  
- **Child restraints (1975-2012):** 10,421 lives
- **Motorcycle helmets (1976-2012):** 37,000+ lives

### Seatbelt Effectiveness
| Crash Type | Risk Reduction (Belted vs. Unbelted) |
|------------|--------------------------------------|
| Fatal injury - front seat | 45% reduction |
| Moderate-to-critical injury | 50% reduction |
| Ejection (fatal in 77% of cases) | Seatbelts prevent 30x more |
| Rollover fatality | 77% reduction for belted occupants |

### Seatbelt Usage Rates Over Time
| Year | Usage Rate | Notes |
|------|------------|-------|
| 1983 | 14% | Before state laws |
| 1984 | 14% | NY passes first mandatory law |
| 1990 | 49% | More states add laws |
| 1995 | 68% | Primary enforcement spreading |
| 2000 | 71% | Continuing education campaigns |
| 2010 | 85% | Click It or Ticket campaigns |
| 2020 | 90% | Near saturation |
| 2022 | 92% | Current level |

### The Unbelted Problem
- 47% of passenger vehicle occupants killed in 2021 were **unbelted**
- Unbelted occupants are 30x more likely to be ejected
- Pickup truck occupants have lowest belt use (88%)
- Nighttime drivers have lower belt use (84%)
- Rural drivers have lower belt use (87%)

### Child Safety Statistics
| Metric | Data |
|--------|------|
| Lives saved by child seats (1975-2021) | 11,606 |
| Car seats reduce fatal injury risk (infants) | 71% |
| Car seats reduce fatal injury risk (1-4 years) | 54% |
| Booster seats reduce injury risk (4-8 years) | 45% |
| Children in rear seat survival advantage | 27% safer than front seat |

### Airbag Statistics
| Metric | Data |
|--------|------|
| Lives saved by frontal airbags (1987-2017) | 50,457 |
| First fatality from airbag | 1990 |
| Peak airbag fatalities | 1997 (53 deaths) |
| Deaths from airbags after "depowering" | <10/year |
| Airbags + seatbelt effectiveness | 61% reduction in fatality risk |
| Airbag alone (no belt) effectiveness | Only 14% reduction |

**Key insight:** Airbags are a supplement to seatbelts, not a replacement. "Airbag" without "seatbelt" = limited protection.

### Rollover Statistics
- Rollovers are only 3% of crashes but 30% of fatalities
- ESC reduces rollover crashes by 75-80%
- Roof strength standards (FMVSS 216) upgraded in 2009
- Modern vehicles must withstand 3x vehicle weight on roof
- Prior to 2009, standard was only 1.5x vehicle weight

### Pedestrian & Cyclist Deaths (Growing Concern)
| Year | Pedestrian Deaths | Cyclist Deaths | Combined |
|------|-------------------|----------------|----------|
| 2010 | 4,302 | 618 | 4,920 |
| 2015 | 5,494 | 818 | 6,312 |
| 2019 | 6,205 | 846 | 7,051 |
| 2021 | 7,388 | 966 | 8,354 |

**Trend:** Occupant deaths decreasing, vulnerable road user deaths increasing. SUVs and distracted driving are factors.

### Global Statistics
| Country/Region | Traffic Deaths (2019) | Deaths per 100k pop | Notes |
|----------------|----------------------|---------------------|-------|
| United States | 36,096 | 11.0 | Lagging peer nations |
| Germany | 3,046 | 3.7 | Autobahn but safer |
| United Kingdom | 1,752 | 2.6 | Strong enforcement |
| Sweden | 221 | 2.2 | Vision Zero leader |
| Japan | 3,215 | 2.5 | Dense but safe |
| China | ~250,000 (est.) | 17.4 | Rapidly improving |
| India | ~150,000 | 11.1 | Growing motorization |
| **World Total** | **1.35 million** | 17.4 | Per WHO |

**US vs. Peer Nations:** The US has 2-4x the fatality rate of other wealthy nations. Contributing factors include vehicle size, road design, speed limits, enforcement, and healthcare access.

### Economic Cost of Crashes
| Metric | Amount |
|--------|--------|
| Total cost of US crashes (2019) | $340 billion |
| Cost per fatal crash | $1.75 million |
| Cost per injury crash | $23,900 |
| Cost per property-damage crash | $4,700 |
| Lost workplace productivity | $57.6 billion/year |
| Medical costs | $18.4 billion/year |

### Historic Milestones in Death Rates
| Milestone | Year | Rate |
|-----------|------|------|
| First recorded US traffic death | 1899 | N/A |
| 10,000 deaths/year | 1918 | - |
| 20,000 deaths/year | 1925 | - |
| 30,000 deaths/year | 1930 | - |
| 40,000 deaths/year | 1961 | - |
| 50,000 deaths/year | 1966 | 5.50 |
| Peak deaths (54,589) | 1972 | 4.32 |
| First year below 40,000 | 1992 | 1.75 |
| Lowest rate ever recorded | 2011 | 1.10 |

### The Vietnam War Comparison
- Vietnam War US deaths (1964-1973): ~58,000
- US traffic deaths in same period: ~500,000
- Ralph Nader's point: "More Americans die on our highways than in wars"

---

## Fascinating Facts & Surprising Takeaways

### The Counterintuitive Facts

**1. "Safer cars don't make safer drivers"**
- Early researchers feared safety features would cause "risk compensation"
- Theory: Drivers would take more risks if they felt protected
- Reality: Mixed evidence. Seatbelts don't make people drive faster
- ABS may cause slightly more aggressive driving, but net effect is positive

**2. "The deadliest seat is front passenger, not driver"**
- Driver instinctively steers to protect themselves
- Front passenger often takes the worst impact
- This is why passenger airbags were initially more lethal to small occupants
- "Depowered" airbags (1998+) addressed this issue

**3. "Your car is designed to destroy itself to save you"**
- Crumple zones are intentionally weak
- A car that "looks bad" after a crash often performed well
- A pristine-looking post-crash car may have transferred all force to occupants
- Modern cars are totaled more often - but occupants walk away

**4. "The steering column killed more people than any other component"**
- Before collapsible columns: steering shaft acted as a spear
- By 1964: 1+ million deaths attributed to steering column impalement
- GM's 1967 collapsible column was a breakthrough
- Simple engineering change saved thousands annually

**5. "Seatbelts were invented in 1885 - but ignored for 70 years"**
- First patent: 1885 (for horse-drawn carriages!)
- Aircraft seatbelts: common by 1930s
- Cars: not standard until 1968
- Why the delay? Industry believed "crashes are unsurvivable anyway"

**6. "The windshield is designed to be hit - once"**
- Laminated safety glass (1919): holds together when broken
- Tempered side glass: shatters into small cubes
- A cracked windshield has lost structural integrity
- Modern windshields contribute up to 30% of roof strength

---

### Surprising Statistics

**Murphy's Law Origin**
- Edward Murphy was an engineer on John Stapp's rocket sled project
- After a sensor was wired backward, Murphy said: "If there are two ways to do something, and one will cause a disaster, someone will do it that way"
- Stapp later quoted this at a press conference
- "Murphy's Law" became globally famous

**The Three-Second Rule**
- Most crash decisions happen in under 1 second
- Human reaction time: 0.7-1.5 seconds
- At 60 mph, a car travels 88 feet per second
- This is why crash avoidance tech (AEB) matters - machines react in milliseconds

**Dummy Durability**
- A Hybrid III can be crashed 50+ times before replacement
- Individual components wear out faster (skin, ribs, neck)
- Calibration required after every test
- A dummy's "service life" may include hundreds of impacts

**The Color of Safety**
- White cars are 12% less likely to be in crashes (visibility)
- Black cars have the highest crash rate
- Yellow/lime-green has best visibility (taxis, school buses)
- Silver reflects headlights well at night

**Speed and Survival**
- Risk of death doubles with every 10 mph above 50
- 30 mph crash: 5% fatality risk
- 40 mph crash: 15% fatality risk
- 50 mph crash: 35% fatality risk
- 70 mph crash: 70%+ fatality risk

---

### Industry Myths That Were Wrong

**Myth 1: "Safety doesn't sell"**
- Based on Ford's 1956 experience
- Reality: Volvo built its entire brand on safety
- IIHS ratings now directly affect sales
- Tesla markets Autopilot safety heavily

**Myth 2: "Airbags are too expensive"**
- Industry fought airbags for 20+ years
- Predicted cost: $500-800 per vehicle
- Actual cost today: $200-300 for basic system
- Economies of scale proved industry wrong

**Myth 3: "People won't wear seatbelts"**
- 1983 usage: 14%
- 2022 usage: 92%
- Laws + education + enforcement worked
- "Click It or Ticket" campaign was pivotal

**Myth 4: "Small cars are always more dangerous"**
- Partially true due to physics (mass advantage)
- But modern small cars far safer than old large cars
- A 2023 Honda Civic beats a 1985 Lincoln Town Car
- Structure design matters more than pure size

**Myth 5: "SUVs are safer because they're bigger"**
- SUVs had higher fatality rates in 1990s-2000s (rollovers)
- Modern SUVs with ESC are much safer
- But SUVs are more deadly to other vehicles and pedestrians
- "Safety for me, danger for thee" problem

---

### The Human Body's Crash Tolerance

**What the body can survive (with proper restraint):**
| Force Type | Survivable Limit | Notes |
|------------|------------------|-------|
| Head acceleration | 80g (brief) | Brain injury threshold ~60g |
| Chest acceleration | 60g | Rib fractures at 40g |
| Chest compression | 63mm (2.5") | Heart/lung damage beyond |
| Femur load | 10 kN | Femur fracture threshold |
| Neck tension | 3.3 kN | Varies by direction |
| Neck compression | 4.0 kN | Spinal injury risk |

**John Stapp's 46.2g (1954):**
- Peak deceleration: 46.2g
- Duration: ~1 second
- Stapp's injuries: Broken ribs, broken wrists, detached retinas (temporary blindness)
- Recovery: Complete within weeks
- His insight: "The human body can take far more than we thought - IF the force is distributed correctly"

---

### Famous Crash Tests That Changed History

**1. The Ford Pinto (1977)**
- Internal memo calculated $11/car fix vs. $200,000/death lawsuit
- Company chose to accept deaths rather than fix fuel tank
- 27 deaths attributed to design
- Criminal prosecution of Ford (acquitted, but reputation destroyed)
- Led to stricter fuel system integrity standards (FMVSS 301)

**2. The Audi 5000 "Unintended Acceleration" (1986)**
- 60 Minutes segment blamed car for accidents
- Actually caused by driver error (pedal misapplication)
- But Audi sales dropped 80%
- Led to brake-shift interlock (must press brake to shift from Park)
- Now standard on all vehicles

**3. IIHS 1959 Bel Air vs. 2009 Malibu (2009)**
- 50th anniversary demonstration
- 1959 car: complete structural collapse, certain death
- 2009 car: intact cabin, survivable injuries
- Video has 30+ million views - most powerful safety demonstration ever

**4. Euro NCAP Rover 100 (1997)**
- 1980s design tested in 1997
- Received 1 star (out of 4 at the time)
- Rover pulled the car from production within months
- Proved consumer ratings could kill bad products

**5. IIHS Small Overlap Test (2012)**
- First tests: Luxury cars failed miserably
- BMW, Mercedes, Audi - all "Poor" or "Marginal"
- Exposed that existing tests missed real-world crash modes
- Industry redesigned structures within 3 years

---

### The Gender Gap in Crash Testing

**The Problem:**
- Most crash tests use 50th percentile male dummy (5'9", 175 lbs)
- "Small female" dummy (Hybrid III 5th female) is just a scaled-down male
- Women are 17% more likely to die in equivalent crashes
- Women are 73% more likely to be seriously injured

**Why It Matters:**
- Female anatomy differs: different hip structure, neck strength, breast tissue
- Women sit closer to steering wheel (shorter legs)
- Seatbelt geometry optimized for male torsos
- Pregnant women have unique injury patterns

**The Solution (In Progress):**
- THOR-5F: First "true female" dummy (2023)
- Not just a scaled male - different skeletal structure
- Includes breast representation
- NHTSA considering requiring female dummy in tests
- Euro NCAP now requires small female dummy in driver seat tests

**Quote:** "For decades, the 'average' human in crash testing has been male. Women have been, quite literally, crash test dummy afterthoughts." - Dr. Caroline Criado-Perez

---

### Drunk Driving: A Separate Epidemic

**Statistics:**
- 1982: 21,113 alcohol-related deaths (49% of all traffic deaths)
- 2019: 10,142 alcohol-related deaths (28% of all traffic deaths)
- MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving): Founded 1980, transformed policy
- Legal BAC limit lowered: 0.15% → 0.10% → 0.08%

**What Worked:**
- Stricter laws (implied consent, per se laws)
- Ignition interlock devices
- Sobriety checkpoints
- Social stigma change (designated drivers)
- Rideshare apps (Uber/Lyft) reduced drunk driving

**What Didn't Work (As Well):**
- Education alone has limited effect
- "Scared straight" programs (minimal impact)
- Voluntary pledges

---

### The Electric Vehicle Safety Question

**New Challenges:**
- Battery fires (thermal runaway)
- Heavy battery weight (F-150 Lightning: 6,500 lbs)
- Low center of gravity (different crash dynamics)
- Silent operation (pedestrian detection)
- First responder risks (high voltage)

**New Opportunities:**
- No engine = larger crumple zone
- Battery placement can improve structure
- No fuel fire risk (but battery fire is different)
- Over-the-air safety updates

**Early EV Crash Test Results:**
- Tesla Model 3: 5 stars NHTSA, Top Safety Pick+ IIHS
- Rivian R1T: Top Safety Pick+
- EVs generally performing well
- But long-term battery integrity after crashes is unknown

---

### Autonomous Vehicle Safety Promise

**The Pitch:**
- 94% of crashes involve human error
- Eliminate human error = eliminate 94% of crashes
- Potential to save 30,000+ lives per year in US alone

**The Reality (So Far):**
- Waymo: ~7 million autonomous miles (as of 2023)
- Cruise: suspended operations after pedestrian dragging incident (2023)
- Tesla Autopilot: hundreds of crashes under investigation
- Uber self-driving: killed pedestrian in 2018 (safety driver distracted)

**The Question:**
- How safe is "safe enough" for autonomous vehicles?
- Humans cause 1.1 deaths per 100 million miles
- Should AVs be required to beat that? By how much?
- Who is liable when an AV crashes?

---

## Timeline of Key Events

### The Pioneers (1930s-1960s)
- **1930s:** Wayne State University begins cadaver crash research
- **1947:** John Stapp begins rocket sled experiments at Edwards AFB
- **1949:** Samuel Alderson creates "Sierra Sam" - first crash test dummy
- **1954:** Stapp achieves 46.2g deceleration - "Fastest Man on Earth"
- **1959:** Nils Bohlin invents 3-point seatbelt at Volvo; IIHS founded
- **1964:** Over 1 million steering column deaths recorded; GM introduces collapsible column

### The Regulatory Revolution (1965-1980)
- **1965:** Ralph Nader publishes "Unsafe at Any Speed"
- **1966:** National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act signed; DOT created
- **1966:** William Haddon appointed first NHTSA Administrator
- **1968:** FMVSS 208 requires seatbelts in all new cars
- **1969:** William Haddon becomes first president of IIHS
- **1970:** NHTSA established as independent agency
- **1971:** Hybrid I dummy introduced by GM
- **1972:** Hybrid II dummy - first FMVSS-compliant dummy
- **1976:** Hybrid III dummy introduced - still used today
- **1979:** NHTSA introduces US NCAP (first in world)

### The Modern Era (1980s-2000s)
- **1984:** New York passes first mandatory seatbelt law
- **1993:** GM discontinues live animal testing; others follow
- **1995:** IIHS introduces offset frontal crash test
- **1997:** Euro NCAP releases first ratings; Rover 100 receives 1-star
- **1998:** Euro NCAP moves operations to Brussels
- **2003:** IIHS introduces side impact test
- **2006:** C-NCAP (China) established
- **2007:** ESC becomes standard in US vehicles

### Recent Advances (2010s-2020s)
- **2012:** IIHS introduces small overlap frontal test
- **2013:** THOR-50M dummy deliveries begin
- **2014:** Euro NCAP includes Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB)
- **2015:** WIAMan military blast dummy developed (with DTS)
- **2020:** Euro NCAP introduces Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier
- **2021:** IIHS updates side impact test (heavier, faster)
- **2023:** THOR-5F - first true female crash test dummy
- **2023:** Bharat NCAP (India) launches

---

## Customer Examples (Verify with Sales/Marketing)

### Government
- NHTSA Vehicle Research & Test Center (East Liberty, OH)
- Transport Canada

### Academic
- Ohio State University - Injury Biomechanics Research Center
- Wayne State University
- University of Virginia - Center for Applied Biomechanics

### Independent Labs  
- Calspan (Buffalo, NY)
- MGA Research (Burlington, WI)
- Karco Engineering

### OEMs
- GM, Ford, Stellantis
- Toyota, Honda
- BMW, Mercedes, VW
- Hyundai, Kia

### Suppliers
- Autoliv
- ZF/TRW
- Joyson Safety Systems

---

## ATD (Crash Test Dummy) Details

### Visual Reference:
![[assets/atd_family.png|500]]
*The ATD family - representing different human sizes and crash scenarios*

![[assets/hybrid_ii_dummies.jpg|400]]
*Hybrid II dummies - early standardized crash test dummies*

![[assets/thor_male_female.jpg|400]]
*THOR-50M (male) and THOR-5F (female) - the next generation*

![[assets/worldsid_dummy.jpg|350]]
*WorldSID - international side impact dummy*

### History of ATD Development
| Year | Dummy | Significance |
|------|-------|--------------|
| 1949 | Sierra Sam | First crash test dummy, built by Samuel Alderson for USAF ejection seat testing |
| 1968 | VIP-50 | Built specifically for GM and Ford |
| 1971 | Hybrid I | GM combined best features of VIP and Sierra Stan |
| 1972 | Hybrid II | Improved shoulder, spine, knee; first FMVSS-compliant dummy |
| 1976 | Hybrid III | Current standard for frontal impact - still used globally today |
| 1990s | SID/EuroSID | Side Impact Dummies developed |
| 2000s | WorldSID | International harmonization effort |
| 2013 | THOR-50M | Advanced male dummy with 150+ data channels |
| 2015 | WIAMan | Military blast dummy (developed with DTS!) |
| 2023 | THOR-5F | First true female crash test dummy |

### Hybrid III Family Specifications
| Model | Height | Weight | Use Case |
|-------|--------|--------|----------|
| 95th Male | 188 cm (6'2") | 100 kg (220 lb) | Large adult male |
| 50th Male | 175 cm (5'9") | 78 kg (172 lb) | Average adult male - most common |
| 5th Female | 152 cm (5'0") | 50 kg (110 lb) | Small adult female |
| 10-year-old | - | 36 kg (79 lb) | Child |
| 6-year-old | - | 21 kg (46 lb) | Child |
| 3-year-old | - | 15 kg (33 lb) | Child |

### ATD Pricing (Approximate - Industry Estimates)
| Dummy Type | Approximate Cost | Notes |
|------------|------------------|-------|
| Hybrid III 50th Male | $200,000 - $400,000 | Most common, regulatory standard |
| Hybrid III 95th Male | $250,000 - $400,000 | Larger, more complex |
| Hybrid III 5th Female | $200,000 - $350,000 | Scaled from male design |
| THOR-50M | $500,000 - $800,000 | Most advanced, 150+ channels |
| THOR-5F | $500,000+ | New female design |
| WorldSID 50th | $400,000+ | Side impact, complex instrumentation |
| BioRID II | $200,000 - $300,000 | Rear impact/whiplash |
| Child dummies | $100,000 - $200,000 | Varies by size |
| WIAMan | ~$500,000+ | Military blast testing |

**Note:** Prices vary significantly based on instrumentation level, supplier, and market conditions. A fully instrumented dummy with all sensors can exceed these estimates.

### Key ATD Manufacturers
- **Humanetics** (USA/Global) - Largest, makes most major ATD types
- **JASTI** (Japan) - Japanese market
- **DTS** (USA) - WIAMan development partner, data acquisition systems

### Child Dummy Reference:
![[assets/child_dummy_booster.jpg|350]]
*Child crash test dummy in booster seat configuration*

![[assets/crabi_infant_dummy.jpg|300]]
*CRABI infant dummy for child seat testing*

### DTS Connection to ATDs
- DTS provides data acquisition systems used WITH ATDs
- SLICE NANO/SLICE6 systems are embedded in modern dummies
- WIAMan project: DTS partnered with U.S. Army to develop military blast dummy
- DTS sensors capture: accelerations, forces, moments, displacements, angular velocity

---

## Additional Safety Pioneers

### Hugh DeHaven (1895-1980) - "Father of Crashworthiness"
**The Remarkable Story:**
- Survived a mid-air collision in 1917 as a WWI pilot trainee
- His aircraft fell from 500 feet - the other pilot and his own observer died
- DeHaven walked away with minor injuries
- Spent the rest of his life asking: "Why did I survive?"

**Key Contributions:**
- Founded the Crash Injury Research Project at Cornell University (1942)
- First to systematically study survivable crashes
- Coined the concept of "packaging" humans for crashes
- Studied people who survived falls from great heights (suicides who lived)
- Discovered the "second collision" - occupant hitting interior after vehicle stops
- His research directly led to padded dashboards, collapsible steering columns, and door locks

**Famous Quote:** "The human body can tolerate far greater forces than we assumed - if the forces are distributed properly."

**Impact:** DeHaven's work transformed thinking from "crashes are unsurvivable" to "crashes can be designed for survival."

---

### Claire Straith (1891-1958) - "The Plastic Surgeon Who Changed Cars"
**Background:**
- Detroit plastic surgeon who reconstructed faces of crash victims
- Saw firsthand the devastating injuries caused by dashboard knobs, rigid steering wheels, and protruding controls

**Activism:**
- In the 1930s, began advocating for safer car interiors
- Wrote articles in medical journals documenting crash injuries
- Personally lobbied automakers (mostly ignored)
- Designed his own "Straith Safety Package" - padded dashboards, recessed knobs, seatbelts

**Partnership with Walter Chrysler:**
- Convinced Chrysler to offer optional safety features in 1937
- First manufacturer to offer padded dashboards
- Sales were poor - consumers didn't want to pay extra for safety
- Industry concluded "safety doesn't sell" (a view that persisted for decades)

---

### Robert McNamara (1916-2009) - The Unlikely Safety Champion
**Before Politics:**
- President of Ford Motor Company (1960-1961)
- One of the "Whiz Kids" who modernized Ford after WWII

**Safety Advocacy at Ford:**
- Commissioned Cornell's crash research
- Pushed for safety features: padded dashboards, deep-dish steering wheels, optional seatbelts
- Ford introduced seatbelts as a $27 option in 1956
- Marketed safety with the slogan "Safety Sells"

**The Sales Disaster:**
- 1956 Ford outsold by Chevrolet
- GM's response: "McNamara is selling death"
- Industry concluded (wrongly) that safety features hurt sales
- This myth persisted until Volvo proved otherwise decades later

**Later Career:** Became Secretary of Defense under JFK and LBJ (Vietnam War architect)

---

### Béla Barényi (1907-1997) - "Father of Passive Safety"
**The Visionary Engineer:**
- Austrian-Hungarian engineer who spent career at Mercedes-Benz
- Held over 2,500 patents - more than any other automotive engineer
- Designed the first "crumple zone" concept in 1937 (patented 1951)

**Key Innovations:**
- **Crumple zones (1951)**: Rigid passenger cell + deformable front/rear
- **Safety steering column**: Collapsible design to prevent impalement
- **Padded interior surfaces**
- **Door locks that stay closed in crashes**
- **Fuel tank placement** away from crush zones

**The 1959 Mercedes W111:**
- First production car with Barényi's safety cell design
- Crumple zones front and rear
- Set the template all modern cars follow

**Recognition:** In 1994, the US Patent Office retroactively credited Barényi (not Ferdinand Porsche) with inventing the basic design of the Volkswagen Beetle.

---

### Leonard Rivkin and the First Automotive Lawsuit
**The Case (1916):**
- MacPherson v. Buick Motor Company
- Wooden wheel spokes collapsed, injuring driver
- First case to hold manufacturer liable for defective design
- Established "duty of care" to consumers

**Why It Matters:**
- Before this, manufacturers had no legal duty to end users
- Could only sue the dealer (who didn't make the product)
- This case created product liability law as we know it
- Opened the door for crash victims to sue manufacturers

---

### Joan Claybrook (1937-present) - NHTSA's Transformative Administrator
**Career:**
- Worked with Ralph Nader in the 1960s
- NHTSA Administrator 1977-1981 (Carter administration)
- Longest-serving NHTSA head

**Key Accomplishments:**
- Mandated airbags (phased in over time)
- Strengthened fuel economy standards (CAFE)
- Created the New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) - the 5-star rating system
- Required center high-mounted stop lights (CHMSL)
- Required child restraint standards

**The Airbag Fight:**
- Auto industry fought airbags for 20+ years
- Industry argued they were too expensive and unreliable
- Claybrook made them mandatory
- Today, airbags save ~2,500 lives per year in US

---

### Derrick Rosenbaum and the IIHS Small Overlap Test
**The Problem:**
- By 2010, vehicles performed well in existing crash tests
- But real-world fatal crashes still occurred at alarming rates
- IIHS analyzed crash data and found a gap: small overlap impacts

**The 2012 Revelation:**
- IIHS introduced 25% small overlap test
- First tests: luxury cars mostly failed
- Mercedes, BMW, Audi - all received "Poor" or "Marginal" ratings
- The test hit between the main frame rails, bypassing traditional crumple zones

**Industry Response:**
- Initial denial, then rapid redesign
- By 2017, most vehicles earned "Good" ratings
- Demonstrated the power of consumer testing to drive change

---

### William Haddon Jr. (1926-1985) - "Father of Injury Epidemiology"
**Career:**
- MIT and Harvard educated (MD + epidemiology)
- First Administrator of NHTSA (1966-1969), appointed by LBJ
- Created the first Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS)
- First President of IIHS (1969-1985)

**Key Contributions:**
- **Haddon Matrix**: Framework for classifying injury prevention strategies
  - Pre-event, Event, Post-event phases
  - Human, Vehicle, Environment factors
  - Still used worldwide in safety research
- Shifted focus from "driver error" to systemic safety analysis
- Pioneered drunk driving legislation
- Established motorcycle helmet requirements

**Quote context:** Haddon was instrumental in transforming safety research from anecdotal to scientific, applying epidemiological methods to crash analysis.

### Samuel W. Alderson (1914-2005) - "Father of the Crash Test Dummy"
- Founded Alderson Research Labs
- Created "Sierra Sam" in 1949 - the first crash test dummy
- Originally designed for USAF ejection seat testing
- Developed VIP-50 series for GM and Ford
- His work made standardized crash testing possible

### Lawrence Patrick (1920-2006) - "The Human Guinea Pig"
Wayne State University professor who personally endured:
- 400+ rocket sled rides
- Chest impacts from heavy metal pendulums
- Face impacts from pneumatic hammers
- Glass shrapnel exposure to simulate windshield failure

His motto: "I figured if I'm going to ask other people to do it, I should do it myself."

---

## Euro NCAP History and Global NCAP Programs

### Visual Reference:
![[assets/euro_ncap_logo.png|200]]
*Euro NCAP - European New Car Assessment Programme*

![[assets/crash_test_dummies_subaru.jpg|400]]
*Modern crash test with instrumented dummies*

### Euro NCAP (Founded 1996-1997)
- Started by UK Transport Research Laboratory
- First results released February 1997
- Based in Brussels (now Leuven, Belgium)
- Backed by EU governments and consumer organizations
- Has tested 1,800+ vehicles, published 600+ ratings
- **Estimated to have helped save 78,000+ lives in Europe**

**Key milestones:**
- 1997: First offset deformable barrier tests
- 2008: Child protection rating introduced
- 2012: Business/family van tests
- 2014: Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) added
- 2020: Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier test introduced

**Game-changing moment:** When the Rover 100 (1980 design) received a 1-star rating in 1997, it was withdrawn from production shortly after. This demonstrated consumer rating power.

### Global NCAP Programs
| Program | Region | Founded |
|---------|--------|---------|
| NHTSA NCAP | USA | 1979 |
| Euro NCAP | Europe | 1996 |
| JNCAP | Japan | 1995 |
| ANCAP | Australia/NZ | 1999 |
| C-NCAP | China | 2006 |
| Latin NCAP | Latin America | 2010 |
| ASEAN NCAP | Southeast Asia | 2011 |
| Global NCAP | India/Africa | 2011 |
| Bharat NCAP | India | 2023 |

The proliferation of NCAP programs worldwide creates competitive pressure for automakers to improve safety globally, not just in regulated markets.

---

## Cadaver Research History

### Wayne State University Pioneers (1930s-1950s)
Wayne State University in Detroit conducted groundbreaking research using human cadavers to understand crash injury mechanics.

**Methods Used:**
- Steel ball bearings dropped on skulls to measure fracture thresholds
- Bodies dropped down elevator shafts onto steel plates
- Cadavers with crude accelerometers strapped into vehicles for crash tests
- Tests of physical properties of tissue

**Challenges:**
- Ethical and moral debates
- Most available cadavers were older adult males (not representative)
- Deceased accident victims couldn't be used (compromised by previous injuries)
- No two cadavers are the same - difficult comparison data
- Child cadavers extremely difficult to obtain and controversial to use

### Lawrence Patrick - Human Volunteer Testing
Wayne State professor who:
- Rode rocket sleds 400+ times
- Let himself be hit in the chest by heavy metal pendulums
- Allowed pneumatically driven hammers to strike his face
- Exposed to shattered glass to simulate window implosion
- Developed mathematical models for crash survivability

### Albert King's Calculation (1995 Journal of Trauma)
For every cadaver used in safety research:
- 61 people survive annually due to seatbelt improvements
- 147 people survive annually due to airbag designs
- 68 people survive windshield impacts
- **Total: ~8,500 lives saved annually** (as of 1987 design improvements)

### Animal Testing Era (1950s-1990s)
- Chimpanzees on rocket sleds
- Pigs used for steering wheel impact testing (similar internal structure to humans, can sit upright)
- Baboons used at University of Michigan
- Animals anesthetized during tests
- GM discontinued live animal testing in 1993
- Other manufacturers followed

### Transition to ATDs
Animal and cadaver testing provided the fundamental data needed to build accurate mechanical surrogates. Modern ATDs are validated against this biological data to ensure they respond like human bodies.

---

## Modern Safety Technologies Deep Dive

### Passive Safety (Protection During Crash)

**1. Advanced Airbag Systems**
| Type | Function | First Introduced |
|------|----------|------------------|
| Frontal driver | Protects head/chest from steering wheel | 1973 (GM, optional) |
| Frontal passenger | Protects from dashboard impact | 1988 |
| Side torso | Protects ribs, spine in side impact | 1995 (Volvo) |
| Side curtain | Protects head, prevents ejection | 1998 |
| Knee | Prevents "submarining" under dashboard | 2001 |
| Rear curtain | Protects rear passengers | 2007 |
| Center | Prevents front occupants from hitting each other | 2009 (GM) |
| Seatbelt airbag | Distributes belt load, reduces chest injury | 2011 (Ford) |
| Pedestrian | Deploys on hood to cushion pedestrian impact | 2012 (Volvo) |
| Far-side | Protects in opposite-side crashes | 2019 |

**Modern vehicles may have 10+ airbags.** Premium vehicles (Mercedes S-Class) can have 12+.

**2. Seatbelt Advances**
| Technology | Function |
|------------|----------|
| Pretensioners | Instantly tighten belt at crash detection |
| Load limiters | Release slightly to prevent chest injury |
| Force-limiting retractors | Balance restraint vs. injury |
| Inflatable belts | Ford (2011) - distribute force over larger area |
| Active buckle lifters | Raise buckle for easier fastening |
| Belt reminders | Audible/visual warning for all seats |

**3. Structure Design Principles**
- **Crumple zones**: Absorb energy through controlled deformation
- **Safety cell**: Rigid passenger compartment
- **Side impact beams**: Steel reinforcement in doors
- **B-pillar reinforcement**: Critical for side impact protection
- **Roof strength**: Rollover protection
- **Subframe detachment**: Engine/transmission designed to go under cabin, not into it

**4. Interior Safety**
- Breakaway mirrors
- Collapsible pedals (prevent ankle/leg injuries)
- Soft-touch materials
- Recessed controls
- Laminated side glass (prevents ejection)
- Anti-intrusion door beams

---

### Active Safety (Crash Avoidance)

**1. Electronic Stability Control (ESC)**
- **What it does**: Detects loss of control, applies individual brakes to correct
- **Effectiveness**: Reduces fatal single-vehicle crashes by 49%, fatal rollovers by 75%
- **Mandated**: 2012 (US), 2014 (EU)
- **Names**: ESP (Mercedes), DSC (BMW), VSA (Honda), VDC (Subaru)
- **How it works**: 
  - Compares steering input to actual vehicle direction
  - If mismatch detected, brakes individual wheels
  - Can reduce engine power
  - Acts in milliseconds (faster than human reaction)

**2. Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)**
- **What it does**: Prevents wheel lockup during hard braking
- **Benefit**: Maintains steering control during emergency braking
- **Mandated**: 2004 (US), 2004 (EU)
- **Limitation**: Doesn't necessarily shorten stopping distance on all surfaces

**3. Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB)**
- **What it does**: Detects imminent collision, brakes automatically if driver doesn't
- **Technologies**: Radar, camera, lidar (varies by manufacturer)
- **Effectiveness**: Reduces rear-end crashes by 50%+
- **IIHS requirement**: Must avoid/mitigate 12 mph and 25 mph crashes for ratings
- **Euro NCAP**: Required for 5-star rating since 2014
- **Voluntary agreement**: 20 automakers agreed to make AEB standard by 2022

**4. Lane Departure Warning/Prevention**
| System | Function |
|--------|----------|
| Lane Departure Warning (LDW) | Alerts driver when crossing lane markings |
| Lane Keeping Assist (LKA) | Gently steers back toward center |
| Lane Centering | Actively keeps vehicle centered (Level 2) |

**5. Blind Spot Monitoring**
- Radar/camera detects vehicles in blind spots
- Visual warning (mirror icon) + audible alert
- Some systems add steering resistance if driver tries to merge
- Reduces lane-change crashes by 14% (IIHS)

**6. Adaptive Headlights**
- Turn with steering input
- Adjust beam pattern for conditions
- High-beam assist (auto-dim for oncoming traffic)
- Matrix LED (illuminate around other vehicles)
- Reduce nighttime crashes by 10% (IIHS)

**7. Rear Cameras and Sensors**
- **Backup cameras**: Mandated 2018 (US) after Kids and Cars advocacy
- **Rear cross-traffic alert**: Warns of approaching vehicles while backing
- **Rear automatic braking**: Some vehicles stop automatically
- **360-degree cameras**: Bird's eye view for parking

**8. Driver Monitoring Systems**
- Track eye movement, head position
- Detect drowsiness, distraction
- Alert driver or take corrective action
- Euro NCAP: Required for 5-star rating starting 2024
- Tesla: Cabin camera monitors Autopilot users

---

### Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Levels

**SAE Levels of Automation:**
| Level | Name | Description | Driver Role | Examples |
|-------|------|-------------|-------------|----------|
| 0 | No Automation | Human does everything | Full control | Basic cars |
| 1 | Driver Assistance | Steering OR speed control | Monitor + intervene | Adaptive cruise |
| 2 | Partial Automation | Steering AND speed control | Monitor constantly | Tesla Autopilot, GM Super Cruise |
| 3 | Conditional Automation | System handles driving in specific conditions | Ready to take over | Mercedes Drive Pilot (limited) |
| 4 | High Automation | Full self-driving in geofenced areas | None in those areas | Waymo (taxis) |
| 5 | Full Automation | Full self-driving everywhere | None ever | Does not exist yet |

**Current State (2026):**
- Most production vehicles: Level 2 maximum
- Mercedes Drive Pilot: Level 3 (only in specific conditions, limited states)
- Waymo/Cruise robotaxis: Level 4 (geofenced urban areas)
- Level 5: Still years away (if ever)

---

### The Testing Required for These Technologies

**What DTS Equipment Measures:**
| System | Test Type | DTS Role |
|--------|-----------|----------|
| Airbags | Sled tests, OoP tests | Dummy instrumentation, acceleration data |
| AEB | Track tests, target impacts | Vehicle dynamics, dummy response |
| ESC | Handling tests, sine with dwell | Yaw rate, acceleration |
| Seatbelts | Sled tests, pull tests | Belt loads, dummy kinematics |
| Structure | Full vehicle crash | All dummy channels, intrusion measurement |

**OoP (Out of Position) Testing:**
- Tests airbag deployment when occupant is too close
- Critical for child safety
- Requires precise dummy positioning and measurement
- Example: 3-year-old dummy 2 inches from airbag cover

---

## International Safety Perspectives

### Sweden: Vision Zero

**The Philosophy:**
- Launched 1997 by Swedish Parliament
- Goal: Zero traffic deaths and serious injuries
- Radical idea: System must be designed so humans making mistakes don't die

**Key Principles:**
- Life and health are non-negotiable
- Humans make mistakes - the system must accommodate this
- Speed limits based on crash survivability, not convenience
- Responsibility shared: road designers, vehicle makers, users

**Results:**
- 1997: 541 deaths (6 per 100k population)
- 2019: 221 deaths (2.2 per 100k population)
- One of the lowest traffic death rates in the world

**What They Did:**
- 2+1 roads (alternating passing lanes with cable barriers)
- Lower speed limits in urban areas (30 km/h = 18 mph)
- Roundabouts instead of intersections
- Separated bicycle infrastructure
- Heavy investment in vehicle safety (Volvo is Swedish)

**The US Comparison:**
- US rate: 11.0 per 100k (2019)
- Swedish rate: 2.2 per 100k
- If US achieved Swedish rates: ~29,000 fewer deaths per year

---

### Germany: High Speeds but Safer

**The Paradox:**
- Autobahn has no speed limit in many sections
- Yet Germany's death rate (3.7 per 100k) is 1/3 of US

**Why Germany is Safer:**
- Rigorous driver training (1,500+ euros, months of lessons)
- Strict vehicle inspections (TÜV every 2 years)
- Lane discipline (stay right except to pass)
- Mandatory winter tires
- Lower alcohol limit (0.05% vs. 0.08%)
- Fewer trucks on roads on Sundays

**Lessons for US:**
- Speed alone doesn't kill - lack of training and bad road design do
- Investment in driver education pays off
- Vehicle condition matters

---

### Japan: High Density, High Safety

**The Challenge:**
- 126 million people
- Limited land area
- Extremely high population density
- Mix of modern cities and rural mountains

**The Approach:**
- JNCAP crash testing program
- Strict enforcement (high fines, points system)
- Excellent public transit (reduces driving)
- Small vehicle culture (kei cars - under 660cc)
- Aging driver programs (mandatory tests for elderly)

**Results:**
- 2019: 3,215 deaths (2.5 per 100k)
- Peak was 16,765 in 1970

---

### China: Rapid Motorization, Rapid Improvement

**The Scale:**
- 1.4 billion people
- 300+ million registered vehicles
- Built more highway in 20 years than US has total

**The Challenge:**
- Went from bicycles to cars in one generation
- Many first-generation drivers
- Infrastructure struggling to keep pace
- Mix of advanced cities and rural areas

**C-NCAP:**
- China New Car Assessment Program (2006)
- Initially criticized for weak standards
- Has strengthened significantly
- Now driving local manufacturers to improve

**Progress:**
- Death rate dropping despite more vehicles
- Chinese brands improving in global NCAP tests
- BYD, Geely, NIO achieving good Euro NCAP scores

---

### India: The Emerging Challenge

**The Scale:**
- 1.4 billion people
- Fastest-growing auto market
- ~150,000 traffic deaths annually (1/10 of global total)

**The Problems:**
- Weak enforcement of existing laws
- Many vehicles without basic safety features
- Mixed traffic: trucks, cars, auto-rickshaws, motorcycles, pedestrians
- Poor road infrastructure

**Progress:**
- Bharat NCAP launched 2023
- Some manufacturers voluntarily meeting global standards
- Tata Nexon: 5-star Global NCAP (first Indian car)
- Government mandating airbags, ABS

**The Opportunity:**
- India can leapfrog to modern safety standards
- Mobile-first population receptive to connected safety tech
- Government now taking safety seriously

---

### Australia/New Zealand: ANCAP Leadership

**ANCAP (Australasian NCAP):**
- Founded 1999
- Tests vehicles for Australian/NZ market
- Uses Euro NCAP protocols with local additions

**Unique Aspects:**
- Right-hand drive market (like UK, Japan)
- Large distances, high speeds
- Kangaroo/wildlife collision risk
- Harsh conditions (heat, dust)

**Influence:**
- Has pressured manufacturers to bring 5-star cars to market
- Drove adoption of ESC in Australia
- Led to improved safety standards for imported used cars

---

### The Global NCAP Movement

**Goal:** "A 3-star car should never be built anywhere in the world."

**Founder:** David Ward (also founded Euro NCAP)

**Programs Supported:**
- Latin NCAP
- ASEAN NCAP
- Global NCAP (India/Africa testing)
- Bharat NCAP (now independent)

**The Problem They're Solving:**
- Same manufacturer, same model name, different safety
- Renault Kwid: 0 stars Latin NCAP (2017), but sold in India
- Manufacturers building "cheap" cars for developing markets
- "Your life shouldn't depend on where you're born"

**Progress:**
- Public naming and shaming works
- Renault improved Kwid to 3 stars
- Tata, Mahindra now competing on safety
- Consumer awareness rising

---

## DTS-Specific Technology & Contributions

### Core Products (Verify with DTS Marketing)

**SLICE Series:**
- SLICE NANO: Miniature data acquisition for tight spaces
- SLICE MICRO: Compact multi-channel system
- SLICE6: High-channel-count system for complex testing
- On-board recording during crash events

**Key Capabilities:**
- High sample rates (up to 100 kHz)
- Shock-resistant (survives crashes)
- Wireless data transfer
- Integration with all major ATD types

### DTS Contributions to Safety Testing

**WIAMan Development:**
- Warrior Injury Assessment Manikin
- Partnership with US Army
- Measures underbody blast effects
- First dummy designed specifically for military threats
- DTS provided embedded data acquisition

**Industry Partnerships:**
- Works with all major OEMs
- Equipment in NHTSA, IIHS, Euro NCAP labs
- University research programs
- Tier 1 supplier validation

### Why Customers Choose DTS

**From Field Experience (verify with sales team):**
1. **Reliability**: Equipment must work during the one crash that matters
2. **Accuracy**: Data integrity is everything when tests cost $100K+
3. **Size/Weight**: Doesn't affect dummy kinematics
4. **Support**: Application engineering expertise
5. **Standards compliance**: Meets SAE, ISO requirements

---

## Memorable Quotes for the Presentation

### On the Value of Human Life
> "The traffic safety problem is NOT an 'Act of God.' It is something we create... and something we can prevent." 
> — **William Haddon Jr.**

> "For every cadaver used in crash research, 276 people survive each year."
> — **Albert King**, 1995

> "I felt a sensation in the eyes, somewhat like the extraction of a molar without anesthetic."
> — **John Stapp**, describing 46.2g deceleration

### On Industry Resistance
> "I would rather see every American exposed to the threat of atomic weapons than for the automobile industry to give up even the slightest styling innovation."
> — **Anonymous GM executive**, 1950s (possibly apocryphal but widely quoted)

> "The industry's position was: 'Crashes are caused by nuts behind the wheel.' Our position was: 'The nut is behind the drawing board.'"
> — **Ralph Nader**

### On Engineering for Safety
> "The human body can tolerate far greater forces than we assumed - if the forces are distributed properly."
> — **Hugh DeHaven**

> "I figured if I'm going to ask other people to do it, I should do it myself."
> — **Lawrence Patrick**, on self-experimentation

> "Safety features should be like a condom - available for everyone, not just premium customers."
> — **Volvo executive**, explaining why they shared the 3-point belt patent

### On Data and Testing
> "A crashed car is gone forever. The data is what remains."
> — **Industry saying**

> "Every data point we capture potentially saves lives we'll never know about."
> — **DTS mission statement** (verify/customize with marketing)

### On Progress
> "The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposing ideas at the same time and still retain the ability to function. Traffic safety achieved exactly this: it made vehicles both faster AND safer."
> — Adapted from **F. Scott Fitzgerald**

> "50 years of progress: In 1959, we built cars people died in. In 2009, we built cars people walk away from."
> — **IIHS**, 50th anniversary crash test

---

## Sources

### Books
1. **"Unsafe at Any Speed"** - Ralph Nader (1965)
2. **"Crash Course: The American Automobile Industry's Road from Glory to Disaster"** - Paul Ingrassia (2010)
3. **"Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers"** - Mary Roach (2003) - Chapter on crash test cadavers
4. **"Set Phasers on Stun: And Other True Tales of Design, Technology, and Human Error"** - Steven Casey (1998)
5. **"Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do"** - Tom Vanderbilt (2008)

### Academic Sources
6. Albert King, "Humanitarian Benefits of Cadaver Research on Injury Prevention," Journal of Trauma, 1995
7. **SAE International** technical papers on ATD development
8. **NHTSA Technical Reports** on FMVSS effectiveness

### Primary Sources
9. NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) - traffic death statistics
10. IIHS Status Reports - test results and research findings
11. Euro NCAP annual reports
12. WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety

### Websites
13. IIHS official website (iihs.org)
14. NHTSA official website (nhtsa.gov)
15. Euro NCAP (euroncap.com)
16. Humanetics Group (humaneticsgroup.com)
17. SAE International (sae.org)
18. Global NCAP (globalncap.org)

### Wikipedia (starting points, verify with primary sources)
19. Wikipedia - John Stapp
20. Wikipedia - Unsafe at Any Speed  
21. Wikipedia - Nils Bohlin
22. Wikipedia - Hugh DeHaven
23. Wikipedia - Béla Barényi
24. Wikipedia - Crash test dummy / Hybrid III
25. Wikipedia - Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. by year

### Video Sources
26. IIHS YouTube Channel - 1959 vs 2009 crash test
27. US Air Force archives - Stapp rocket sled footage
28. Various documentaries on automotive safety history

---

## Potential Discussion Topics & Q&A Prep

### Audience Questions to Anticipate:

**Q: "Why is the US death rate so much higher than Europe?"**
A: Multiple factors: larger/heavier vehicles, higher speeds, less public transit, different road design philosophy, lower seatbelt compliance in some states, more impaired driving, less rigorous driver licensing.

**Q: "Are autonomous vehicles going to replace crash testing?"**
A: Not anytime soon. Even with perfect autonomy, crashes will occur (non-AV vehicles, road conditions, system failures). Plus, we're decades from full autonomy. Crash protection remains critical.

**Q: "Why did it take so long to get seatbelts in cars?"**
A: Industry resistance, consumer indifference, and a fundamental philosophy disagreement. The industry believed "crashes are unsurvivable anyway" and "driver error is the problem." It took regulation (NHTSA) and consumer pressure (IIHS ratings) to force change.

**Q: "What's the next big thing in crash safety?"**
A: 
1. Better female representation in testing (THOR-5F)
2. AEB for all vehicles (becoming standard)
3. Vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V) to prevent crashes
4. AI-based crash prediction
5. Improved pedestrian protection
6. Battery safety for EVs

**Q: "How do you test for things like AEB that prevent crashes?"**
A: Track testing with foam/inflatable targets, sensor simulation, field observation data. IIHS has elaborate test courses with "soft targets" vehicles can hit without damage.

**Q: "Is this field growing or shrinking?"**
A: Growing. More test types, more regulations globally, more technologies to validate. ADAS systems alone have created massive new testing needs. Every new market (India, Southeast Asia) adds demand.

**Q: "What about motorcycle/bicycle safety?"**
A: Growing concern. IIHS now tests some motorcycle helmets. Cyclist deaths increasing in US due to SUV proliferation and distracted driving. This is an active research area.

---

## Conversation Starters & Engagement Ideas

### For Mixed Audience (some experts, some newcomers):

**Opening poll (if technology allows):**
- "How many of you have ever been in a car crash?"
- "How many of you always wear your seatbelt?"
- "How many of you know why your car has crumple zones?"

**"Show of hands" moments:**
- "Raise your hand if you know who Ralph Nader is"
- "Who can guess how many airbags are in a modern car?" (Answer: 10+)
- "Anyone know what year seatbelts became mandatory?" (1968)

**Icebreaker fact:**
- "The steering column used to be the #1 killer in crashes - more than a million deaths before the collapsible column was invented"
- "Murphy's Law came from a crash testing project"
- "The first crash test dummy was named 'Sierra Sam' and was built to test ejection seats"

### Connecting to DTS:

**The bridge:** 
"Every one of these safety improvements - from seatbelts to airbags to ADAS - required testing. And testing requires data. That's where we come in. Our equipment doesn't make cars safer directly - but it captures the data that lets engineers make cars safer. We're the nervous system of the crash test dummy."

---

---

## Notes for Ben

### Timing
- Opening (Slides 1-2): 2-3 min
- History (Slides 3-9): 15-17 min
- Modern Ecosystem (Slides 10-14): 12-15 min
- What They Test (Slides 15-17): 8-10 min
- Impact & Close (Slides 18-20): 3-5 min
- Q&A (Slide 21): 5+ min

### Video Placement
- Recommend placing IIHS 1959 vs 2009 video after Slide 8 (Seatbelt section)
- ~2-3 minutes
- Very powerful visual break before moving to modern ecosystem

### Audience Engagement Tips
- Mixed audience knowledge levels - don't assume everyone knows industry basics
- The historical stories (Stapp, Nader, Bohlin) are emotionally engaging
- Statistics become meaningful when tied to "lives saved"
- End on inspirational note - "we're part of this"

### Potential Questions to Prepare For
1. "What specific DTS products do these customers use?"
2. "How do we compare to competitors in this space?"
3. "Are there customer success stories we can share?"
4. "What's next in safety testing technology?"
5. "How has testing changed with electric vehicles?"

---

*Document prepared for DTS internal presentation*
*Last updated: February 12, 2026*
*Total content: ~1,950 lines including appendix materials*
